.38 Special
The .38 Smith & Wesson Special is a rimmed, centerfire cartridge designed by Smith & Wesson. It is most commonly used in revolvers, although some semi-automatic pistols and carbines also use this round. The.38 Special was the standard service cartridge of most police departments in the United States from the 1920s to 1990s, and was also a common sidearm cartridge used by military personnel in World War II. In other parts of the world, it is known by its metric designation of 9×29.5mmR or 9.1×29mmR.
Known for its accuracy and manageable recoil, the.38 Special remains one of the most popular revolver cartridges in the world more than a century after its introduction. It is used for target shooting, formal target competition, personal defense, and for hunting small game.
Overview
The.38 Special was introduced in 1898 as an improvement over the.38 Long Colt which, as a military service cartridge, was found to have inadequate stopping power against the charges of Filipino Muslim warriors during the Philippine–American War. Upon its introduction, the.38 Special was originally loaded with black powder, but the cartridge's popularity caused manufacturers to offer smokeless powder loadings within a year of its introduction.Despite its name, the caliber of the.38 Special cartridge is actually.357 inches, with the ".38" referring to the approximate diameter of the loaded brass case. This came about because the original.38-caliber cartridge, the.38 Short Colt, was designed for use in converted.36-caliber cap-and-ball Navy revolvers, which had cylindrical firing chambers of approximately diameter, requiring heeled bullets, the exposed portion of which was the same diameter as the cartridge case.
Except for case length, the.38 Special is identical to the.38 Short Colt,.38 Long Colt, and.357 Magnum. This allows the.38 Special round to be safely fired in revolvers chambered for the.357 Magnum, and the.38 Long Colt in revolvers chambered for.38 Special, increasing the versatility of this cartridge. However, the longer and more powerful.357 Magnum cartridge will usually not chamber and fire in weapons rated specifically for.38 Special, which are not designed for the greatly increased pressure of the magnum rounds. Both.38 Special and.357 Magnum will chamber in Colt New Army revolvers in.38 Long Colt, due to the straight walled chambers, but this should not be done under any circumstances, due to dangerous pressure levels, up to three times what the New Army is designed to withstand.
History
The.38 Special was designed in 1898 to be a higher velocity round, with better penetration properties than the.38 Long Colt that was in Government Service in the Philippines during the Spanish–American War. The.38 Long Colt revolver round would not penetrate the insurgent Philippine Morro warrior shields, and the Government contracted the new revolver round to Smith & Wesson. The.38 Special held a minimum of 21 grains of black powder, which was 3 grains more than the current.38 Long Colt, and it was 100 to 150 feet per second faster with a 158 grain bullet.During the late 1920s, and in response to demands for a more effective law enforcement version of the cartridge, a new standard-velocity loading for the.38 Special was developed by Western Cartridge Company. This.38 Special variant incorporated a round-nosed lead 'Lubaloy' bullet, the .38 Super Police. Remington-Peters also introduced a similar loading. Testing revealed that the longer, heavier .357-calibre bullet fired at low velocity tended to 'keyhole' or tumble upon impact, providing more shock effect against unprotected personnel. At the same time, authorities in Great Britain, who had decided to adopt the.38 caliber revolver as a replacement for their existing.455 service cartridge, also tested the same bullet in the smaller.38 S&W cartridge. This cartridge was called the.38 S&W Super Police or the.38/200. Britain would later adopt the.38/200 as its standard military handgun cartridge.
In 1930, Smith & Wesson introduced a large frame.38 Special revolver with a 5-inch barrel and fixed sights intended for police use, the Smith & Wesson .38/44 Heavy Duty. The following year, a new high-power loading called the .38 Special Hi-Speed with a metal-tip bullet was developed for these revolvers in response to requests from law enforcement agencies for a handgun bullet that could penetrate auto bodies and body armor. That same year, Colt Firearms announced that their Colt Official Police would also handle 'high-speed'.38 Special loadings. The.38/44 high-speed cartridge came in three bullet weights:,, with either coated lead or steel jacket, metal-piercing bullets. The media attention gathered by the.38/44 and its ammunition eventually led Smith & Wesson to develop a completely new cartridge with a longer case length in 1934—this was the.357 Magnum.
During World War II, some U.S. aircrew were issued.38 Special S&W Victory revolvers as sidearms in the event of a forced landing. In May 1943, a new.38 Special cartridge with a, full-steel-jacketed, copper flash-coated bullet meeting the requirements of the rules of land warfare was developed at Springfield Armory and adopted for the Smith & Wesson revolvers. The new military.38 Special loading propelled its bullet at a standard from a revolver barrel. During the war, many U.S. naval and Marine aircrew were also issued red-tipped.38 Special tracer rounds using either a bullet for emergency signaling purposes.
In 1956, the U.S. Air Force adopted the Cartridge, Caliber.38, Ball M41, a military variant of the.38 Special cartridge designed to conform to the rules of land warfare. The original.38 M41 ball cartridge used a 130-grain full-metal-jacketed bullet, and was loaded to an average pressure of only, giving a muzzle velocity of approximately from a barrel. This ammunition was intended to prolong the life of S&W M12 and Colt Aircrewman revolvers equipped with aluminum cylinders and frames, which were prone to stress fractures when fired with standard.38 ammunition. By 1961, a slightly revised M41.38 cartridge specification known as the Cartridge, Caliber.38 Ball, Special, M41 had been adopted for U.S. armed forces using.38 Special caliber handguns. The new M41 Special cartridge used a 130-grain FMJ bullet loaded to a maximum allowable pressure of for a velocity of approximately in a solid test barrel, and about from a revolver barrel. The M41 ball cartridge was first used in.38 revolvers carried by USAF aircrew and Strategic Air Command security police, and by 1961 was in use by the U.S. Army for security police, dog handlers, and other personnel equipped with.38 Special caliber revolvers. A variant of the standard M41 cartridge with a semi-pointed, unjacketed lead bullet was later adopted for CONUS police and security personnel. At the same time,.38 tracer cartridges were reintroduced by the US Navy, Marines, and Air Force to provide a means of emergency signaling by downed aircrew. Tracer cartridges in.38 Special caliber of different colors were issued, generally as part of a standard aircrew survival vest kit.
A request for more powerful.38 Special ammunition for use by Air Police and security personnel resulted in the Caliber.38 Special, Ball, PGU-12/B High Velocity cartridge. Issued only by the U.S. Air Force, the PGU-12/B had a greatly increased maximum allowable pressure rating of 20,000 psi, sufficient to propel a 130-grain FMJ bullet at from a solid test barrel, and about 950–980 ft/s from a revolver barrel. The PGU-12/B High Velocity cartridge differs from M41 Special ammunition in two important respects—the PGU-12/B is a much higher-pressure cartridge, with a bullet deeply set and crimped into the cartridge case.
In response to continued complaints over ineffectiveness of the standard.38 Special 158-grain cartridge in stopping assailants in numerous armed confrontations during the 1950s and 1960s, ammunition manufacturers began to experiment with higher-pressure loadings of the.38 Special cartridge, known as.38 Special +P. In 1972, the Federal Bureau of Investigation introduced a new.38 +P loading that became known as the "FBI Load". The FBI Load combined a more powerful powder charge with a 158-grain unjacketed soft lead semi-wadcutter hollow-point bullet designed to readily expand at typical.38 Special velocities obtained in revolvers commonly used by law enforcement. The FBI Load proved very satisfactory in effectively stopping adversaries in numerous documented shootings using 2- to 4-inch barreled revolvers. The FBI Load was later adopted by the Chicago Police Department and numerous other law enforcement agencies.
Demand for a.38 cartridge with even greater performance for law enforcement led to the introduction of the +P+.38 Special cartridge, first introduced by Federal and Winchester. Originally labeled "For Law Enforcement Only", +P+ ammunition is intended for heavier-duty.38 Special and.357 Magnum revolvers, as the increased pressure levels can result in accelerated wear and significant damage to firearms rated for lower-pressure.38 Special loadings.
Performance
Due to its black-powder heritage, the.38 Special is a low-pressure cartridge, one of the lowest in common use today at 17,500 PSI. By modern standards, the.38 Special fires a medium-sized bullet at rather low speeds. In the case of target loads, a bullet is propelled to only. The closest comparisons are the.380 ACP, which fires much lighter bullets slightly faster than most.38 Special loads; the 9×19mm Parabellum, which fires a somewhat lighter bullet significantly faster; and the.38 Colt Super, which fires a comparable bullet significantly faster. All three of these are usually found in semi-automatic pistols.The higher-pressure.38 +P loads at 20,000 PSI offer about 20% more muzzle energy than standard-pressure loads and places between the.380 ACP and the 9 mm Parabellum; similar to that of the 9×18mm Makarov. A few specialty manufacturers' +P loads for this cartridge can attain even higher energies than that, especially when fired from longer barrels, produce energies in the range of the 9 mm Parabellum. These loads are generally not recommended for older revolvers or ones not specifically "+P" rated.
| Cartridge | Bullet weight | Muzzle velocity | Muzzle energy | Max pressure |
| .38 Short Colt | 181 ft•lbf | 7,500 CUP | ||
| .38 Long Colt | 201 ft•lbf | 12,000 CUP | ||
| .38 S&W | 206 ft•lbf | 14,500 PSI | ||
| .38 S&W Special Wadcutter | 156 ft•lbf | 17,500 PSI | ||
| .38 S&W Special | 310 ft•lbf | 17,500 PSI | ||
| .38 Special Super Police | 200 ft•lbf | ? PSI | ||
| .38 Special +P | 351 ft•lbf | 20,000 PSI | ||
| .38 Special +P+ | 295 ft•lbf | 22,000 PSI | ||
| .380 ACP | 178 ft•lbf | 21,500 PSI | ||
| 9×19mm Parabellum | 420 ft•lbf | 39,200 PSI | ||
| 9×19mm Parabellum | 383 ft•lbf | 39,200 PSI | ||
| 9×18mm Makarov | 231 ft•lbf | 23,206 PSI | ||
| .38 Super | 468 ft•lbf | 36,500 PSI | ||
| .357 Magnum | 639 ft•lbf | 35,000 PSI | ||
| .357 SIG | 584 ft•lbf | 40,000 PSI |
All of the above specifications for.38 loadings, and the.357 Magnum, are applicable when fired from a barreled revolver. The velocity is reduced when using the more standard barreled guns. Power will, of course, decrease accordingly.
Although only a few US police departments now issue or authorize use of the.38 Special revolver as a standard-duty weapon, the caliber remains popular with some police officers for use in short-barreled revolvers carried when off duty or for undercover-police investigations. It is also widely used in revolvers purchased for civilian, home defense or for concealed carry by individuals with a CCW permit.