13q deletion syndrome


13q deletion syndrome is a rare genetic disease caused by the deletion of some or all of the large arm of human chromosome 13. Depending upon the size and location of the deletion on chromosome 13, the physical and mental manifestations will vary. It has the potential to cause intellectual disability and congenital malformations that affect a variety of organ systems. Because of the rarity of the disease in addition to the variations in the disease, the specific genes that cause this disease are unknown. This disease is also known as:
Variations of the signs and symptoms occur depending upon the area of chromosome 13 that is deleted. Deletions from the centromere to 13q32 or any deletions including the 13q32 band are associated with slow growth, intellectual disability, and congenital malformations. Deletions from 13q33 to the end of the chromosome are associated with intellectual disability. Intellectual disabilities range from very mild to very severe, and can co-occur with behavioral disorders and/or autism spectrum disorders.
At birth, the main symptoms include low weight, hypotonia, and feeding difficulties. Infants may also have cleft palate.
13q deletion syndrome gives a characteristic appearance to affected individuals, potentially including microphthalmia, hypertelorism, thin forehead, high palate, underdeveloped midface, small mouth, small nose, broad, flat nasal bridge, short neck, low hairline, irregular or wrongly positioned teeth, low-set ears, micrognathia, tooth enamel defects, short stature, microcephaly, a prominent, long philtrum, and earlobes turned inwards.
Congenital heart disease is also associated with 13q deletion syndrome. Common defects include atrial septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta. Defects of the endocrine system, digestive system, and genitourinary system are also common. These include underdevelopment or agenesis of the pancreas, adrenal glands, thymus, gallbladder, and thyroid; Hirschsprung's disease; gastric reflux, imperforate anus, retention testis, ectopic kidney, renal agenesis, and hydronephrosis.
A variety of brain abnormalities are also associated with 13q deletion. They can include epilepsy, craniosynostosis, spastic diplegia, cerebral hypotrophy, underdevelopment or agenesis of the corpus callosum, cerebellar hypoplasia, deafness, and, rarely, hydrocephalus, Dandy–Walker syndrome, and spina bifida. The eyes can be severely damaged and affected individuals may be blind. They may also have coloboma of the iris or choroid, strabismus, nystagmus, glaucoma, or cataracts.
Other skeletal malformations are found with 13q deletion syndrome, including syndactyly, clubfoot, clinodactyly, and malformations of the vertebrae and/or thumbs.
Deletions that include the 13q32 band, which contains the brain development gene ZIC2, are associated with holoprosencephaly; they are also associated with hand and foot malformations. Deletions that include the 13q14 band, which contains the tumor suppressor gene Rb, are associated with a higher risk of developing retinoblastoma, which is more common in XY children. Deletion of the 13q33.3 band is associated with hypospadias. Other genes in the potentially affected region include NUFIP1, HTR2A, PDCH8, and PCDH17.
In males with 13q deletion syndrome, genital abnormalities are common. The meatus, or urinary opening, may appear on the underside of the penis, and/or the testes will not descend into the scrotum. The scrotum will often be unusually small or abnormally divided into two sections ; the penis may be unusually small, and/or abnormal passage may be present between the scrotum and the anus. In rare cases, the anal opening may be absent or covered by a thing membrane which can cause obstruction.

Causes

Although one can inherit 13q deletion syndrome, the most common way to obtain the disease is through genetic mutations. All human chromosomes have 2 arms, the p arm and the q arm. They are separated from each other only by a primary constriction, the centromere, the point at which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division. When portions of the long arm of chromosome 13 are altered during gametogenesis, 13q deletion syndrome results. Because the 13th chromosome holds between 300 and 400 genes, a deletion of any part of this chromosome or mutation of any codon can lead to a large variety of malfunctions within the system.

Mechanism/Pathophysiology

This disorder is caused by the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13, which can either be deleted linearly or as a ring chromosome. It is typically not hereditary— the loss of a portion of the chromosome typically occurs during gametogenesis, making it a de novo mutation. When it is hereditary, it is usually caused by a parent having mosaicism or a balanced translocation. The severity of the disorder is correlated with the size of the deletion, with larger deletions causing more severe manifestations. There are three common anomalies predominately observed in 13q deletion syndrome: congenital heart disease, anorectal/genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tract malformations. These are all part of the VACTERL associations which is a disorder that is characterized by vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac defect, tracheoesphageal fistula, renal anomalies, and limb defects.

Diagnosis

13q deletion syndrome can only be definitively diagnosed by genetic analysis, which can be done prenatally or after birth. Family and medical history is important when diagnosing a child with 13q deletion syndrome. Chromosome testing of both parents can provide more information on whether or not the deletion was inherited. Increased nuchal translucency in a first-trimester ultrasound may indicate the presence of 13q deletion. It is important to follow through with genetic testing because there are many other diseases that have similar clinical manifestations of 13q deletion syndrome. Special imaging tests, enzyme assays, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, cardiac catheterization and more can be run on a patient who has 13q deletion syndrome in order to diagnose their accompanying defects.

Treatment

Although there is no cure for 13q deletion syndrome, symptoms can be managed, usually with the involvement of a neurologist, rehabilitation physician, occupational therapist, physiotherapist, psychotherapist, nutritionist, special education professional, and/or speech therapist. No treatment for 13q deletion syndrome will ever be identical due to the variations in the disease which is why the use of personalized teams with members from different medical fields is vital to the patient. If the affected child's growth is particularly slow, growth hormone treatment can be used to augment growth. Plastic surgeries can repair cleft palates, and surgical repair or monitoring by a pediatric cardiologist can manage cardiac defects. Some skeletal, neurological, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and ophthalmic abnormalities can be definitively treated with surgery. Endocrine abnormalities can often be managed medically. Even if a child is responding to well to his medical treatment, it is important to utilize special educators, speech and occupational therapists, and physiotherapists to help the child develop skills that will aid in his/her life in and out of the classroom.

Prognosis

Unfortunately, affected individuals do have a somewhat shortened lifespan. The maximum described lifespan is 67 years. It is not uncommon for adults with 13q deletion syndrome to need support services to maintain their activities of daily living, including adult day care services or housing services.

Epidemiology

It is incredibly rare, with fewer than 190 cases described. Although rare, deletions involving chromosome 13q are among the most commonly observed monosomies Chromosome 13, Partial Monosomy 13q appears to affect females slightly more frequently than males. Since the disorder was originally reported in 1963, more than 125 cases have been recorded in the medical literature. The age of onset can vary from patient to patient because of the differences in deletions. For example, a study was able to demonstrate for the first time that a patient with a hemangioendothelioma of the liver with a simultaneous deletion in chromosome 13q of 28Mb did not develop Rb until the age of 3 years while other patients with similar deletions have immediate clinical manifestations upon birth.

Research

As previously stated, partial deletions on the long arm of chromosome 13 can cause numerous different effects. These effects are due to the size and position of the deleted region. A recent study done in 2017 by Wang, Wang, Niu, and Cui looked at two patients with 13q terminal deletion syndrome. The manifestation of these patients was anal atresia with rectoperineal fistula, complex type congenital heart disease, esophageal hiatus hernia with gastroesophageal reflux, facial anomalies and developmental and mental retardation. Using array comparative genomic hybridization, two regions were identified as deleted on 13q31-qter. These were 20.38 Mb in 13q31.3-qter and 12.99 Mb in 13q33.1-qter in patients 1 and 2, respectively. The authors were able to show that the gene encoding ephrin B2 located in the 13q33.3-q34 region, and the gene coding for endothelin receptor type B, in the 13q22.1–31.3 region, may be suitable candidate genes for the observed urogenital/anorectal anomalies. In addition, the microRNA-17-92a-1 cluster host gene and the glypican 6 gene in the 13q31.3 region, as well as EFNB2 and the collagen type IV a1 chain and COL4A2 genes in the 13q33.1-q34 region could possibly contribute to cardiovascular disease development together. The authors showed that it is possible that those genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of complex type congenital heart disease in patients with 13q deletion syndrome. Unfortunately, there are no current clinical trials that are ongoing but research is continuing in search for clear connections between the clinical manifestations and the particular deletions that a patient has.

History

13q deletion syndrome was first described in 1963 and fully characterized in 1971. There has not been much research done in the past with 13q deletion syndrome but more and more research is surfacing every year about the rare disease.