1639

January–June

• January 14 - Connecticut's first constitution, the Fundamental Orders, is adopted.
• c. January - The first printing press in British North America is started in Cambridge, Massachusetts, by Stephen Daye.
• March 3 - The early settlement of Taunton, Massachusetts, is incorporated as a town.
• March 13 - Harvard University is named for clergyman John Harvard.
• April - Italian-born Cardinal Mazarin, apostolic nuncio to Paris and adviser to Cardinal Richelieu, is naturalized French by letters patent; in December, he leaves the service of Rome to enter that of King Louis XIII of France.
• April 14 - Battle of Chemnitz: Swedish forces under Johan Banér inflict a crushing defeat on the army of the Holy Roman Empire, prolonging the Thirty Years' War and allowing the Swedes to occupy Pirna and advance into Bohemia.
• May - The first of the Bishops' Wars breaks out between Charles I of England and Scottish Covenanters. Charles arrives with his army at Berwick-upon-Tweed.
• June - The first battle of the Bishops' Wars is fought by Earl Marischal and the Marquess of Montrose when they lead a Covenanter army of 9,000 men past Muchalls Castle over the Causey Mounth to fight at the Bridge of Dee in Scotland.
• June 18 - The Treaty of Berwick is signed between Charles I and the Scots.

  July–December

• August 22 - The British East India Company buys a strip of land from King Peda Venkata Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire for the construction of Fort St. George, the first settlement of British India, so founding modern-day Chennai, capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
• October 31 - Naval Battle of the Downs: A Republic of the United Provinces fleet decisively defeats a Spanish fleet in English waters.
• December 4 - English astronomer Jeremiah Horrocks makes the first successful prediction and observation of a transit of Venus.

  Date unknown

• The Casiquiare canal, a river forming a natural channel between the Amazon River and Orinoco River basins, is first encountered by Europeans, an expedition led by Pedro Teixeira and Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña.
• French nobleman Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière obtains the seigneurial title to the island of Montreal in New France in the name of the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal to establish a Roman Catholic mission to evangelize indigenous peoples.
• The House of Assembly of Barbados meets for the first time.
• Russian Cossacks advance over the Urals to the Pacific, to Okhotsk.
• Sakoku, the isolationist foreign policy of Japan, comes fully into effect.
• * Dejima, an island trading post off Nagasaki, becomes the only official port of trade allowed for Europeans, with the multi-national United East Indies Company as the only European party officially allowed. Trading parties from China, India and other places are still officially allowed, though the VOC will become the usual broker for them.
• * Japanese wives and children of Dutch and British people from Hirado are sent to Batavia on Dutch ships.
• The Treaty of Zuhab is signed between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia, delineating the modern Turkey-Iran and Iraq-Iran border lines.

  Births

January–March

• January 1
• * Jacob Knijff, Dutch painter
• * Sir Thomas Spencer, 3rd Baronet, English Member of Parliament
• January 3 - Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse, French Huguenot noblewoman, grandmother of George II of Great Britain, great-grandmother of Frederick the Great
• January 5 - Otto Wilhelm Königsmarck, Swedish military officer
• January 16 - John Proby, English politician
• January 17 - Sir Francis Lee, 4th Baronet, English Member of Parliament
• January 19 - Noël Alexandre, French theologian and ecclesiastical historian
• January 20 - Hungerford Dunch, English politician
• January 29 - Gover Le Buen, Dutch revolutionary fighter
• January 31 - Duke Bernhard of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön, German-Danish general
• February 4 - Alessandro Melani, Italian composer
• February 6 - Daniel Georg Morhof, German writer and scholar
• February 12 - Juan García de Salazar, Spanish Baroque composer
• February 17 - Claude Estiennot de la Serre, French historian
• February 27 - Adriaen van Bloemen, Flemish painter, printmaker, draughtsman and engraver
• March 7 - Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond, English nobleman
• March 20 - Ivan Mazepa, Hetman of Ukraine
• March 30 - Elanor Allerton, English-born American colonist

  April–June

• April 3 - Alessandro Stradella, Italian composer
• April 12 - Martin Lister, English naturalist and physician
• April 13 - Joan Leonardsz Blasius, Dutch writer
• April 16 - Alessandro Baratta, Italian painter, engraver
• April 24 - Johann Benedict Carpzov II, German theologian
• April 29 - François Nepveu, French Jesuit writer on ascetical subjects
• May 8 - Giovanni Battista Gaulli, Italian artist working in the High Baroque and early Rococo periods
• May 10 - Peleg Sanford, Rhode Island colonial governor
• May 19 - Charles Weston, 3rd Earl of Portland, English nobleman
• May 27 - Laura Martinozzi, Duchess consort of Modena
• June 21 - Increase Mather, American minister

  July–September

• July 8 - John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery, English politician and Irish nobleman
• July 15 - Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran, Irish soldier
• August 18 - William Lowther, English landowner and politician
• August 28 - Marie Mancini, Italian courtier, third of the five Mancini sisters
• August 30 - Cornelia van der Veer, Dutch poet
• September 7 - David Martin, French theologian
• September 8 - William Trumbull, English diplomat and politician
• September 17 - Hans Herr, Swiss-born Mennonite bishop
• September 21 - Robbert Duval, painter from the Northern Netherlands
• September 29
• * William Russell, Lord Russell, English politician
• * Sir John Seton, 1st Baronet of Nova Scotia

  October–December

• October 14 - Simon van der Stel, last Commander and first Governor of the Cape Colony
• October 17 - Charles-Claude Genest, French dramatist and playwright
• November 17 - Eleazer Kimberly, Secretary of the State of Connecticut
• November 21 - Fortunatus Hueber, German Franciscan historian and theologian
• December 3 - Isidoro de Atondo y Antillon, Spanish admiral
• December 18 - Gottfried Kirch, German astronomer, first 'Astronomer Royal' in Berlin
• December 22 - Jean Racine, French dramatist
• December 28 - Dirk van Bleiswijk, Dutch politician, writer
• December 29 - Muhammad Sultan, Mughal Empire emperor

  Date unknown

• Yair Bacharach, German rabbi
• Consort Donggo, concubine of the Shunzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty
• Dirck Ferreris, Dutch painter
• Caspar Netscher, Dutch painter
• Samuel Peterson, early Swedish settler of New Sweden, founder of modern-day Wilmington

  Deaths

• January - Shackerley Marmion, English dramatist
• January 14 - Sophie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Duchess of Hunters Village
• January 20 - Mustafa I, Ottoman Sultan
• January 23 - Francisco Maldonado da Silva, Peruvian Jewish poet
• January 24 - Georg Jenatsch, Swiss politician
• February 5 - Augusta of Denmark, Duchess Consort of Holstein-Gottorp
• March 16 - Pieter de Neyn, Dutch painter
• April 1 - Johann Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, German Duke
• April 2 - Nicolaes Olycan, Dutch businessman
• April 6
• * Berlinghiero Gessi, Italian Catholic cardinal
• * John Matthew Rispoli, major Maltese philosopher of great erudition
• April 9 - Albret Skeel, State Admiral of Denmark
• May 13 - Peter Lauremberg, German writer and professor
• May 21 - Tommaso Campanella, Italian theologian and poet
• June 1 - Melchior Franck, German composer
• June 6 - Peter Crüger, German astronomer and mathematician
• July 18 - Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, German general
• August 4 - Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Mexican dramatist
• August 6 - Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger, Danish architect
• August 20 - Martin Opitz von Boberfeld, German poet
• August 21 - Henry Wenceslaus, Duke of Oels-Bernstadt, Duke of Bernstadt
• September 20 - Johannes Meursius, Dutch classical scholar
• September 28 - Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, French Catholic Cardinal
• October 8 - Frances Howard, Duchess of Richmond, British duchess
• October 28 - Stefano Landi, Italian composer
• November 3 - Martin de Porres, Peruvian monk, Roman Catholic saint
• November 4 - Thomas Finch, 2nd Earl of Winchilsea, Member of Parliament
• November 7 - Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour, English politician
• November 8 - Richard Knightley, English politician
• November 26 - John Spottiswoode, Scottish historian
• December 15 - Muzio Oddi, Italian mathematician
• December 17 - Nils Turesson Bielke, Swedish politician
• December 25 - John Christian of Brieg, Duke of Brzeg
• Date unknown - Madeleine du Fargis, French courtier
• Approximate date - John Ford, English dramatist