1910 in science

Astronomy

• May 18 – Earth passes through the tail of Halley's Comet.
• Approximate date – The Hertzsprung–Russell diagram is developed by Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell.

  Cartography

• Behrmann projection introduced.

  Chemistry

• Albert Einstein and Marian Smoluchowski find the Einstein-Smoluchowski formula for the attenuation coefficient due to density fluctuations in a gas.
• Umetaro Suzuki isolates the first vitamin complex, aberic acid.
• Hoechst AG market Arsphenamine under the trade name daggga, the first organic antisyphilitic, its properties having been discovered the previous fall by bacteriologist Sahachiro Hata during systematic testing in the laboratory of Paul Ehrlich; it rapidly becomes the world's most widely prescribed drug.
• George Barger and James Ewens of Wellcome Laboratories in London first synthesize dopamine.

  Mathematics

• Publication of the 1st volume of Principia Mathematica by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, one of the most important and seminal works in mathematical logic and philosophy.
• First known use of the term "Econometrics", by Paweł Ciompa.

  Physics

• German physicist Theodor Wulf climbs the Eiffel Tower with an electrometer and discovers the first evidence of cosmic rays.
• Hans Reissner and Gunnar Nordström define the Reissner-Nordström singularity; Hermann Weyl solves the special case for a point-body source.

  Physiology and medicine

• March – International Psychoanalytical Association established.
• May 18 – At the annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of the Feeble-Minded, Henry H. Goddard introduces a system for classifying individuals with mental retardation based on intelligence quotient : moron for those with an IQ of 51-70, imbecile for those with an IQ of 26-50, and idiot for those with an IQ of 0-25.
• July 15 – Publication of the eighth edition of Emil Kraepelin's Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Arzte, naming Alzheimer's disease as a variety of dementia.
• Late December – A form of pneumonic plague spreads through northeastern China, killing more than 40,000.
• Thomas Hunt Morgan discovers that genes are located on chromosomes.
• Chicago cardiologist James B. Herrick makes the first published identification of sickle cells in the blood of a patient suffering from anemia.
• Platelets are first named by James Homer Wright.
• Peyton Rous demonstrates that a malignant tumor can be transmitted by a virus.
• Hans Christian Jacobaeus of Sweden performs the first thoracoscopic diagnosis with a cystoscope.

  Technology

• January 12–13 – Birth of public radio broadcasting: Lee De Forest conducts an experimental broadcast of part of a live performance of Tosca and, the next day, a performance with the participation of the Italian tenor Enrico Caruso from the stage of Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.
• March 28 – Henri Fabre makes the first flights in a seaplane, at Martigues, France.
• June 7 – William G. Allen of the Allen Manufacturing Company is granted a United States patent for a hex key.
• October – First publication of infrared photographs, by American optical physicist Robert W. Wood in the Royal Photographic Society's Journal.
• December 3–18 – Georges Claude demonstrates the first modern neon light at the Paris Motor Show.
• Lieutenant-Colonel Dr. George Owen Squier of the United States Army invents telephone carrier multiplexing.
• Completion of Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad's Paulinskill Viaduct on its Lackawanna Cut-Off, the world's largest reinforced concrete structure at this time, built under the supervision of Lincoln Bush, its chief engineer.

  Institutions

• March 17 – The Smithsonian Institution's Natural History Building, later the National Museum of Natural History, opens its doors to the public in Washington, D.C.

  Awards

• Nobel Prizes
• * Physics – Johannes Diderik van der Waals
• * Chemistry – Otto Wallach
• * Medicine – Albrecht Kossel

  Births

• January 20 – Friederike Victoria Gessner, later Joy Adamson, Austrian-born wildlife conservationist.
• February 9 – Jacques Monod, French biochemist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965.
• February 13 – William Shockley, American physicist.
• March 11 – Robert Havemann, German chemist.
• May 3 – Helen M. Duncan, American geologist and paleontologist
• May 12 – Dorothy Hodgkin, British chemist.
• June 11 – Jacques Cousteau, French oceanographer.
• July 16 – David Lack, English ornithologist.
• August 18 – Pál Turán, Hungarian mathematician.
• August 28 – C. Doris Hellman, American historian of science.
• September 1 – Pierre Bézier, French engineer.
• October 11 – Cahit Arf, Turkish mathematician.
• October 27 – Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau, American chemical engineer.
• October 31 – Victor Rothschild, British polymath.
• December 24 – Bill Pickering, New Zealand-born head of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

  Deaths

• May 10 – Stanislao Cannizzaro, Italian chemist.
• May 12 – William Huggins, English astronomer.
• May 27 – Robert Koch, German bacteriologist.
• July 4 – Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer.
• July 14 – Mihran Kassabian, American radiologist.
• August 12 – Florence Nightingale, English nurse.