As borders in Europe shifted at the end of World War I, the Ruthenian region of north-eastern Hungary was awarded to the new Czechoslovak Republic. Subcarpathian Rus' hosted about 3.5% of the population of the Czechoslovak Republic. It was the least economically developed part of the Republic. The concepts of national identity of its Slavic population varied, some saw themselves as Russians, some defined themselves as Ukrainians and some argued that they constituted a separate Ruthenian nation. Some 14% of the population was Jewish. Elections for representatives to the Czechoslovak parliament from Subcarpathian Rus' had been delayed for some time, as the area had been placed under a joint military-civilian administration. Considering chaotic situation in the area with unstable borders, Romanian occupation until mid-1920 of large parts of the area and the lack of a regional assembly, the Czechoslovak government decided to delay voting for parliamentarians from Subcarpathian Rus'. On 16 September 1923 local elections were held in the area. Transitioning into civilian governance under the Czechoslovak Republic, Dr. Antonín Beskid was appointed governor of Subcarpathian Rus'. On 23 February 1924 the Czechoslovak government reported to the League of Nations was about to be held on 16 March and that the Czechoslovaks would report the results to the League of Nations by June 16 the same year.
The Communist Party had a strong Jewish following in Subcarpathian Rus'. In the September 1923 village council elections in Subcarpathian Rus' the Communist Party had received less than 10% of the vote. For the 1924 by-election Communist Party ran an active campaign in spite of the prevailing repressive climate, with arrests of their agitators and ban on communist meetings. According to government sources the Communist Party held more mass meetings than any of the other parties in the fray.
On 19 February 1924 opposition sympathizers held a meeting in Berehove, at which the list for the Ruthenia Indigenous Autonomous Party was set. For the Chamber of Deputies the meeting nominated Endre Korláth, Ákos Árky, Miklós Jaczik, István Polchy, Lajos Szabó, Bálint Tóth, József Eperjessy, Pál Turda, János Földes, Ferenc Nagyidai and Zsigmond Boross. For the Senate the candidates nominated were Ferenc Egry, Sándor Hatfaludy, Gyula Jaross, János Spolarits, Lajos Ács and Mihály Weisz.
Results
Chamber of Deputies
All in all, parties supporting the Czechoslovak government obtained 40% of the vote. The deputies elected were József Gáti, Josef Kaminský, Endre Korláth, Iván Kurtyák, Iván Mondok, Jaromír Nečas, Andrij Hahatko, Emanuel Safranko, Vaszil Scserecki and Nyikolaj Szedorják.
Senate
The senators elected were Bodnár Iván, Csehy Endre, Egry Ferenc and Riskó Béla.
Aftermath
In the rest of Czechoslovakia the key vote bank of the Communist Party was found amongst industrial labourers, but in this region industrial workers were a smaller part of the electorate than in other areas. Thus the result reflected wide-spread discontent amongst poor peasants in the area. It also appeared that the party did well amongst the Hungarian and Jewish minorities. In his report to the fifth congress of the Communist InternationalGrigory Zinoviev stated that
Hitherto, even in agrarian countries, Communist parties have displayed remarkable inability in the matter of capturing the peasantry. You know the result of the election in Carpathian-Russia. Many Czech comrades, Tausig, Gati, and others, particularly local comrades worked heroically and exposed themselves to great danger. I have the impression, however, that the Czech party on the whole does not appreciate the importance of the peasants' question in Czecho-Slovakia, and this proves the importance of being able to work among the peasants. Instead of concerning themselves with "high politics," most of our Communist parties must be intent on carrying on Communist work among masses, forming Communist factory nuclei and adopting a correct attitude towards national and peasant question.
In response to the communist election victory, the Czech right-wing press demanded that the election be declared invalid. Neither of the Jewish parties won any seat, as the Jewish vote was split between two parties.
