2010s in science and technology
This article is a summary of the 2010s in science and technology.
Technology
and "Big Tech" saw an expansion in size and power in the 2010s, particularly FAANG corporations. The growing influence of "Big Tech" over cyberspace drew scrutiny and increased oversight from national governments. The G20 countries began closing tax loopholes and the European Union began asserting legal guidelines over domains such as data privacy, copyright, and hate speech, the latter of which helped fuel a debate over tech censorship and free speech online, particularly deplatforming. Throughout the decade, the United States increasingly scrutinized the tech industry, from attempted copyright regulations to threatening antitrust probes. Increased protectionism and attempts to regulate and localize the internet by national governments also raised fears of cyber-balkanization in the later half of the decade.Communications and electronics
- Smartphones maintained their strong popularity throughout the 2010s, along with the arrival of tablets. Apple Inc. launched the iPad in 2010, its first tablet computer, which offered multi-touch interaction. The iPad became an immediate bestseller and only months after its release became the best selling tech product in history. By the mid-2010s, almost all smartphones were touchscreen-only, and Android and iPhone smartphones dominated the market.
- * Mobile apps become commercially available in the early 2010s, along with popular app stores such as Google Play, iOS App Store, and Microsoft Store.
- * Throughout the early 2010s, sales for PCs declined in favor of tablet computers and laptop convertibles; in 2012, tablet and smartphone sales overtook netbooks and Samsung overtook Nokia for the first time as the largest mobile phone maker in the world; in 2013 in developed countries, smartphone sales surpassed feature phones.
- * In April 2019, South Korea became the first country to adopt 5G broadband. Verizon launched its 5G services in the United States just hours later, along with disputing South Korea's claim of becoming the world's first country with a 5G network. The United Kingdom's first 5G mobile network became operational on 30 May, initially covering parts of six cities.
- In 2011, more than 2 billion people used the Internet, one billion mobile broadband users predicted and 4.6 billion people worldwide were subscribed to mobile phones, and Americans spent more time using mobile apps than using the World Wide Web.
- * Social media continuously gained prominence through the convenience of mobile apps, including the services of WhatsApp, Pinterest, Instagram, Snapchat, Tinder, Vine, and TikTok being released throughout the decade. Facebook and Twitter, both of which were released in the 2000s, were still among the most popular social media platforms in the world. Social media offered massive reach to mainstream audiences for both individuals and organizations unseen before, facilitating phenomena such as influencer marketing.
- * Streaming media and rental kiosk services such as Netflix and Redbox forced video rental chains such as Blockbusters to close.
- * At the turn of the decade, the supply of IPv4 internet addresses was exhausted; an early period of transition to IPv6 continued during 2011.
- * In 2012, Google Chrome became the world's most used web browser, replacing Internet Explorer, and the Wikimedia Foundation started developing Wikidata, its first new project in six years.
- Cryptocurrency, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, gained ground as a digitally alternative way to secure financial transactions, control the creation of additional units, and verify the transfer of assets. Cryptocurrencies also expanded the usage and boundaries of Blockchain.
- Virtual reality took a radical shift in the 2010s, with headsets such as the Oculus Rift gaining popularity. While the device was only capable of rotational tracking, the initial design would later serve as a basis from which the later designs came. Other popular headsets include PlayStation VR, Google Cardboard, HTC Vive, and the Samsung Gear VR.
- During the decade, 3D printing, 3D modeling, and 3D scanners became increasingly popular, in which the technologies enabled users to join or solidify certain materials to create a concrete three-dimensional object. The 3D printer industry gained over $7 billion in sales.
- Wireless headphones saw technological advancements and a large growth in usage.
- Wireless charging for smartphones became more popular, with companies such as Samsung and Apple releasing wireless charging phones and chargers.
- Smart watches became more widespread in usage, with over 175 million of them sold in 2018.
- * Smart glasses, such as Google Glass, were also released during this decade.
- Transparent display screens and curved touchscreen displays entered the market, and slowly gained popularity throughout the decade.
- * In the mid-late portion of the decade, 4K resolution has been implemented through high-definition displays and gained traction into more U.S. homes in a much faster adoption rate than that of Full HD.
- In 2016, scientists at MIT created the first five-atom quantum computer with the potential to crack the security of traditional encryption schemes.
- Fixstars Solutions created the world's first 13 Terabyte SSD in 2016.
- The number of IoT devices increased 31% year-over-year to 8.4 billion in the year 2017 and it is estimated that there will be 30 billion devices by 2020.
Automobiles and transportation
- World's first 100% low-floor tram with articulated bogies Škoda 15 T begins operation in Riga.
- Drones became increasingly popular, especially in the assistance of making deliveries, aerial photography, and drone racing.
- Electric and hybrid vehicles started becoming popular in many countries in the Western world during the decade. Notable electric vehicles include the Chevrolet Volt, which became the world's top selling plug-in hybrid of all time with over 100,000 units sold in 2015. Other hybrid vehicles have also been noted such as the Porsche Panamera and BMW i3.
- Self-driving cars, while still in their infancy, were widely tested throughout the 2010s with significant progress. Google developed Waymo, the world's first self-driving car, to be licensed for use on public roads in 2011. In 2018, a woman in Tempe, Arizona became the first recorded casualty of an accident involving an autonomous vehicle.
- Automaker Volkswagen is alleged to have been involved in worldwide rigging of diesel emissions tests in 2015, affecting an estimated 11 million vehicles globally.
- The trend of shared mobility grew significantly during the decade. Carsharing, bike-sharing, and scooter-sharing services saw substantial growth as such as developments in "last mile" transportation helped changed the way people think about modern transportation, particularly in the Western world.
Space
Other notable developments in astronomy over the decade included:
- 2011: NASA announced that its Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter captured photographic evidence of possible liquid water on Mars during warm seasons.
- 2011: The United States' Space Shuttle program officially ended following its last mission, STS-135, flown by Space Shuttle Atlantis.
- 2012: SpaceX's Dragon spacecraft became the first private commercial spacecraft to attach to the International Space Station, the first commercial spacecraft to rendezvous with another spacecraft.
- 2012: NASA landed the Curiosity rover in Gale crater on Mars.
- 2013: The Chinese Chang'e 3 landed on the Moon, the first Lunar landing in 37 years.
- 2014: The Philae probe from the Rosetta spacecraft landed on the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
- 2014: The Orion spacecraft completed its first test flight, an unmanned orbital and reentry flight.
- 2015: NASA's Dawn probe entered orbit around Ceres, becoming the first spacecraft to visit a dwarf planet.
- 2015: NASA announced that liquid water had been found on Mars.
- 2015: NASA's New Horizons probe became the first spacecraft to reach Pluto, completing its main mission.
- 2015: SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket successfully landed after a launch, making it the first rocket to successfully return and perform a vertical landing.
- 2016: The ESA and Roscosmos launched the joint ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter on a mission to Mars.
- 2016: Diwata-1 was launched to the International Space Station aboard the Cygnus spacecraft on a supply mission.
- 2016: NASA's Juno spacecraft enters orbit around Jupiter and begins a 20-month survey of the planet.
- 2016: Solar Impulse 2 becomes the first solar-powered aircraft to circumnavigate the Earth.
- 2016: Proxima Centauri b is discovered as closest exoplanet to Earth that may be habitable.
- 2016: NASA launches OSIRIS-REx, its first asteroid sample return mission. The probe will visit Bennu and is expected to return with samples in 2023.
- 2018: SpaceX's Falcon Heavy rocket successfully performs its first flight. Designed to carry humans to the Moon and Mars, as of its launch it was the most powerful rocket in operation.
- 2018: Maya-1, the first Filipino nanosatellite was deployed from the International Space Station.
- 2018: Diwata-2, the second microsatellite under the Philippine Scientific Earth Observation Microsatellite program has deployed to space.
- 2018: NASA's Kepler mission ends after the spacecraft runs out of fuel.
- 2018: NASA's Dawn mission concludes after it runs out of hydrazine fuel.
- 2019: Chinese probe Chang'e 4 becomes the first human-made object to land on the far side of the Moon.
- 2019: NASA concludes the 15-year Opportunity rover mission after being unable to wake the rover from hibernation.
- 2019: The first image of the supermassive black hole inside galaxy Messier 87 was captured by the Event Horizon Telescope.
Computing and artificial intelligence
- The number of internet users doubled from about 2 billion to about 4 billion, surpassing half the world population in 2018.
- Smartphones became increasingly common due to a rapid increase in sales. Their applications and use time by the average user increased, too.
- Google develops the world's first self-driving car to be licensed for use on public roads. It was the first driverless ride that was on a public road and was not accompanied by a test driver or police escort. The car had no steering wheel or floor pedals.
- In 2012, Google Chrome became the world's most used web browser, displacing former long-time frontrunner Internet Explorer.
- Microsoft announces Windows Mixed Reality.
- Quantum computers made rapid progress. In 2019 Google announced to have achieved quantum supremacy, although this claim is disputed.
Legal issues
- In August 2010, Oracle sued Google for copyright and patent infringement over the use of Java-related technology in Google's popular Android operating system for smartphones and tablet computers. Oracle asserted Google was aware that they had developed Android without a Java license and copied its APIs, creating the copyright violation. Oracle cited patents related to the Java technology created by Sun and now owned by Oracle that Google should have been aware of.
- Following an unprecedented internet protest and blackout campaign in 2012 in which many popular websites took part, the widely criticised Stop Online Piracy Act bill was temporarily withdrawn in the US Congress, pending resolution of the issues identified.
Software development
- Collaborative source code sharing website GitHub becomes in 2011 the world's most popular open source hosting site, after in the previous decade attaining the title of the world's most popular Git hosting site.
Physics
- In 2012, the Higgs boson is discovered, completing the discovery of particles of the Standard Model.
- In 2015–16, gravitational waves are detected for the first time, with the rate of detections increasing as the detectors are improved.
- In 2018, a powerful new electron microscope enables scientists to view individual electrons.
- In 2019, scientists find a way to view reactions in "dark states" of molecules, i.e. those states that are normally inaccessible.
Robotics and machine learning
- In 2019, a robot is developed at MIT that can do multiple experiments in fluid dynamics at high speed.
Biology
Organisms
- Researchers at Harvard report the creation of "cyborg organoids", which consist of 3D organoids grown from stem cells, with embedded sensors to measure activity in the developmental process.
Genetics
- In 2019, Scientists announce a new form of DNA, named Hachimoji DNA, composed of four natural and four unnatural nucleobases. Benefits of such an eight-base DNA system may include an enhanced ability to store digital data, as well as insights into what may be possible in the search for extraterrestrial life.
- In 2019, Scientists report that the purportedly first-ever germline genetically edited humans, the twin babies Lulu and Nana, by Chinese researcher He Jiankui, may have inadvertently had their brains enhanced.
- In 2019, Researchers design an inhalable form of messenger RNA aerosol that could be administered directly to the lungs to help treat diseases such as cystic fibrosis.
Medicine
- In 2019, medical scientists announce that iridium attached to albumin, creating a photosensitized molecule, can penetrate cancer cells and, after being irradiated with light, destroy the cancer cells.
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