Across Five Aprils


Across Five Aprils is a novel by Irene Hunt, published in 1964 and winner of the 1965 Newbery Honor, set in the Civil War era. Hunt was close to her grandfather who told her stories from his youth, which she incorporated into Across Five Aprils. Across Five Aprils is often considered the first novel of the Young Adult genre.

Background

Hunt published her first book, Across Five Aprils, at age 57. She researched the historical facts and integrated stories that were told to her by her grandfather. The Creighton family was documented in those stories and in letters and records. Like Jethro, the book's protagonist, her grandfather was only nine when the Civil War erupted, so Hunt used him as a vehicle through which to imagine what a family must have gone through at that time.

Summary

Background summary

Matthew and Ellen Creighton have borne 12 children. Four remain living at home ; John lives nearby with his wife Nancy and their two boys. Matthew's orphaned nephew Ebenezer Carron also lives at the homestead. Three of their children died within four days in July 1852 of “Childhood Paralysis.” The deaths of the “three little boys” led Ellen to be more lenient on youngest son Jethro than with her older children. Shadrach Yale is the schoolmaster from Pennsylvania that has noted the potential of young Jethro. He also has the love of 14-year-old Jenny Creighton, and wants a marriage, which her father disapproves due to her youth. Daughter Mary Ellen's death is of major importance in the story. She was headed home from a dance in her escort's wagon when one of the Burdow boys fired a weapon meant to scare the team. The wagon crashed and overturned, killing Mary instantly. The Burdows are a disrespected family, bearing the burden of gossip surrounding the family patriarch's reason for leaving his home state. The successive generations have been mocked and ostracized based on this gossip. The death of Mary Ellen further destroys their reputation in the community. Matthew Creighton is credited with preventing a mob from retaliating against the Burdow family.

Plot Summary

Across Five Aprils opens to a Southern Illinois farm on a spring morning in mid-April 1861. Nine-year-old Jethro Creighton and his mother Ellen have just started a long day of planting potatoes, unaware that the long-festering turmoil in the country has already exploded into battle. Ellen is preoccupied with concerns for her older boys should they be called to serve. Jethro is excited at the prospect of war, like his brother Tom and cousin Eb. He little understands the reasons for or the reality of what lies ahead. In the late afternoon, Ellen's nephew Wilse Graham from Kentucky arrives on a rare visit. During the evening meal, the discussion grows heated as Wilse accuses Northern industrialists of attacking slavery as a way to gain public support of their battle against Southern agriculture interests. The normally quiet Bill speaks in agreement with Wilse although he decries slavery. Matt Creighton condemns the immorality of slavery. The discussion leads Jethro to a realization that war is more than a proof of strength. He struggles to understand issues beyond his years. Even though they have all worked hard all day and can expect more tomorrow, the entire family waits until late in the night for Shadrach Yale's return from a trip into Newton. He brings news of the taking of Fort Sumter. War has arrived.
The first battles of the war occur without Creighton family involvement. Tom and Eb leave in the fall as soon as they can be spared of farm work. John is making preparations to leave in mid-winter after harvest has settled his family's needs. Shad has plans to stay until the winter school term is over. Bill is quiet and spends a great deal of time attending rallies; obviously troubled. He and John have always been close but in late autumn, his opinions on the war lead to a physical altercation with John. He has stowed supplies near the family graveyard and finds Jethro there after the fight. He explains his decision to leave, heading south to Wilse Graham's home in Kentucky. When Jethro asks him if he will fight for the Rebs, he replies “I’ve studied this thing, Jeth, and I’ve hurt over it. My heart ain’t in this war... and while I say that the right ain’t all on the side of the North, I know jest as well that it ain’t all on the side of the South either. But if I have to fight, I reckon it will be fer the South.”
In February 1862, Jethro spends an evening with Shadrach Yale, the teacher he idolizes. They discuss Yale's plans to marry Jenny and move back east, taking Jethro with them to attend school. The war has delayed his plans. Shad sketches out maps and explains the battles and the goals of the North. He gives Jethro his books and encourages him to read and study while he is away. He asks him to study the battles in the newspapers as they will soon be in the history books Jethro will study in school.
In March 1862, with all the older boys gone to war, Jethro gets the opportunity to drive the wagon to Newton for supplies. He will sell, barter and buy to obtain the needed goods. He starts the long fifteen mile trip before sunrise in high spirits. He must pass through a wooded area with a poor road but the most fearful part of the journey is where he must pass the Burdow house. He arrives in town safely and completes part of his errands. When he goes into the general store, he sees Dave Burdow, father of the boy who caused Mary Ellen Creighton's death. Jethro is accosted by Guy Wortman regarding his brother Bill. “Is yore pa good and down on Bill? Does he teach you yore brother is a skunk that deserves shootin’ fer goin’ against his country?” Jethro defends his brother with the statement that he thinks more of his brother than anyone else in the world. Wortman becomes angered but the newspaper editor Ross Milton intervenes and the store owner Sam Gardiner calls out Wortman for attacking Creighton rather than going to fight. Ross Milton invites Jethro to dinner at the restaurant, a rare treat. He is impressed with Jethro's zeal for learning and his desire to “talk good.” Milton gives Jethro a book he authored specifically on improving the Southern Illinois dialect. He warns Jethro to be careful as Wortman is dangerous. He encourages him to leave for home immediately. Jethro is again fearful as he passes the Burdow home and his fears appear justified when he meets Dave Burdow further down the trail. Burdow climbs onto the buckboard and says he wants a ride. He tells Jethro he has nothing to fear but that he heard some talk in the saloon. “There be things that's evil in these woods tonight.” As they come to a curve in the woods, Burdow takes the reins. On a narrow bridge, a man stands up and whips the horses. Burdow is able to control them but a young Jethro would probably have been injured or killed in the incident.
After Jethro reaches homes and tells the family of the attack, Matt Creighton spends a sleepless night and in the morning prepares to go into town to learn more about Wortman. Ellen encourages him to speak with Burdow as well. “We’ve held it against him that his boy stuck a knife it our hearts; now he's grabbed a second knife that was aimed at us.” Creighton heads outside and Ellen hears a noise at the gate. She rushes out to find Matt unconscious. He has suffered an attack that takes his strength and health. Jethro is suddenly thrust into a role of responsibility far beyond his years. He must tend not only his family's farm but his brother John's as well. He must do work with only the help of his sister and neighbors here and there that was done by six men the year before. Jethro and Jenny work hard but still find time to keep up their studies as Shad requested.
Several weeks later, Jethro wakes to the smell of smoke. The vigilantes angered at Bill's disaffection to the South have set the barn on fire and poured coal oil into the well. The Creighton's receive support from all over the county after the attack. Some collect money for farm equipment or bring grain to replace the feed that burned. Others clean the well. A barn-raising is promised later in the summer when planting is done. Ross Milton brings a load of wood given by Dave Burdow.
Summer brings news of a battle at a place called Shiloh and an influx of wounded soldiers returning home. One afternoon, a neighbor brings his boy over to the Creighton farm. The wounded soldier tells of the first few days in April spent swimming and talking with young Tom Creighton. He then describes the battle and the moment Tom is killed as they look across the river at the reinforcements crossing to help them. Ross Milton prints a letter in the newspaper to those who attacked the Creightons. He calls them out for attacking an ailing man and asks, “Has this man suffered enough to satisfy your patriotic zeal?” He finishes by asking what they have done for the Union cause, asking “has any one of you faced a Confederate bullet? Well, Matt Creighton's son has.”
By December 1862, deserters are becoming a problem in southern Illinois. They raid food and supplies at every opportunity. Their camps in the south of the county are dangerous and U.S. agents do not appear interested in visiting them. In February, three Federal Registrars visit the Creighton farm, searching for Eb. He has deserted the army. The men threaten the family should they harbor Eb. Jenny defiantly asks them if they are going to visit the camp where deserters are known to be rather than antagonize the family. In early March, Jethro finds Eb hiding in the woods. He is sickly and thin, regretting the moment of weakness when he deserted. Jethro agonizes over what to do. He knows the family could be punished for harboring Eb but he also cannot send his cousin off to die of starvation and deprivation. He considers telling his father but realizes that only puts the problem on Matthew's shoulders. One night when he can't sleep, he pens a letter to Abraham Lincoln asking him for guidance. To his surprise, Jethro receives a letter from the President, informing him that Lincoln also has been agonizing over this issue and has decided to allow any deserter the opportunity to return to the army by April 1st without punishment.
July 1863 brings news of Union successes in Gettysburg and Vicksburg. But a letter comes from Shadrach Yale's aunt in Washington. He was severely wounded at Gettysburg. She asks for Jenny to come. Matt allows her to go to him and Shad improves under her care. Matt gives permission and they are married at Shad's bedside.
In December 1864, Nancy receives a letter from John. He found Bill among prisoners in a Nashville camp. They talked as brothers and Bill asked for all the news of home. Upon leaving, Bill asked John to convey a message to their mother Ellen. Bill was not present at Pittsburgh Landing. It was not his bullet that killed Tom.
1865 arrives with the final limping days of battles. The country is tired and ready for peace. Many in Southern Illinois are horrified at the destruction done by Union soldiers in Georgia and South Carolina. Others think it well-deserved. Lincoln's plan for reunification is universally disliked: in the South for being too harsh, in the North for being too soft. Jethro is fourteen now and knows that war is not what he thought it would be that long-ago April morning he planted potatoes with his mother. He is beginning to realize that peace too will be different. The fifth April of the war finally arrives and with it the sound of guns silenced. The armistice is signed.
Jethro enjoys the celebration with Ross Milton in Newton. At the end of the evening as the band plays “The Battle Hymn of the Republic,” Jethro thinks of the lined face of President Lincoln. “How I'd like to shake hands with him tonight,” he thinks. Following the celebration, he returns to working the fields and enjoying the beautiful colors of spring. Until the day he sees Nancy running toward him in the field. “Jeth, it's the President—they've killed the President.”
Jethro mourns the loss of the man he had never met yet considered a friend. He mourns the loss of the President who offered a merciful and fair reunification of the country. His grief is softened by the return of Shad and Jenny. When Eb and John return to the farm, Jethro will go with Shad and Jenny back east. He will receive the education Ellen wants for him. He will return and bring that education to future generations of the Creighton family.

Children of Matthew and Ellen Creighton

Benjamin Hardin Creighton Birth 1832
Lydia Creighton Birth 1834
Lucinda Creighton Birth 1834
John Robert Creighton Birth 1837
William Taylor Creighton Birth 1838
Thomas Ward Creighton May 10, 1843-April 6th, 1862 Died in battle of Shiloh at Pittsburg Landing
Mary Ellen Creighton 1844-Jan 12, 1859 Died in Wagon accident caused by Travis Burdow firing shot at horses
Jenny Elizabeth Creighton Birth sometime early in 1847
Nathan Hale Creighton Feb 12, 1848-July 3, 1852 Died of Childhood paralysis
James Alexander Creighton May 3, 1849-July 4, 1852 Died of Childhood paralysis
Matthew Colvin Creighton Sept 7, 1850-July 1, 1852 Died of Childhood paralysis
Jethro Hallam Creighton January 13, 1853
The real Jethro Creighton who this character was based upon died on November 3rd, 1929, at 3:35 pm, aged 77.

Awards and nominations

The novel was adapted to screen in 1990 by Kevin Meyer and starred Todd Duffey and Miriam Byrd-Nethery.