Adian–Rabin theorem


In the mathematical subject of group theory, the Adian–Rabin theorem is a result which states that most "reasonable" properties of finitely presentable groups are algorithmically undecidable. The theorem is due to Sergei Adian and, independently, Michael O. Rabin.

Markov property

A Markov property P of finitely presentable groups is one for which:
  1. P is an abstract property, that is, P is preserved under group isomorphism.
  2. There exists a finitely presentable group with property P.
  3. There exists a finitely presentable group which cannot be embedded as a subgroup in any finitely presentable group with property P.
For example, being a finite group is a Markov property: We can take to be the trivial group and we can take to be the infinite cyclic group .

Precise statement of the Adian–Rabin theorem

In modern sources, the Adian–Rabin theorem is usually stated as follows:
Let P be a Markov property of finitely presentable groups. Then there does not exist an algorithm that, given a finite presentation, decides whether or not the group defined by this presentation has property P.
The word 'algorithm' here is used in the sense of recursion theory. More formally, the conclusion of Adian–Rabin theorem means that set of all finite presentations
defining groups with property P, is not a recursive set.

Historical notes

The statement of the Adian–Rabin theorem generalizes a similar earlier result for semigroups by Andrey Markov, Jr., proved by different methods. It was also in the semigroup context that Markov introduced the above notion that that group theorists came to call the Markov property of finitely presented groups. This Markov, a prominent Soviet logician, is not to be confused with his father, the famous Russian probabilist Andrey Markov after whom Markov chains and Markov processes are named.
According to Don Collins, the notion Markov Property, as defined above, was introduced by William Boone in his Mathematical Reviews review of Rabin's 1958 paper containing Rabin's proof of the Adian–Rabin theorem.

Idea of the proof

In modern sources, the proof of the Adian–Rabin theorem proceeds by a reduction to the Novikov–Boone theorem via a clever use of amalgamated products and HNN extensions.
Let be a Markov property and let be as in the definition of the Markov property above.
Let be a finitely presented group with undecidable word problem, whose existence is provided by the Novikov–Boone theorem.
The proof then produces a recursive procedure that, given a word in the generators of, outputs a finitely presented group such that if then is isomorphic to, and if then contains as a subgroup. Thus has property if and only if. Since it is undecidable whether, it follows that it is undecidable whether a finitely presented group has property.

Applications

The following properties of finitely presented groups are Markov and therefore are algorithmically undecidable by the Adian–Rabin theorem:
  1. Being the trivial group.
  2. Being a finite group.
  3. Being an abelian group.
  4. Being a finitely generated free group.
  5. Being a finitely generated nilpotent group.
  6. Being a finitely presentable solvable group.
  7. Being a finitely presentable amenable group.
  8. Being a word-hyperbolic group.
  9. Being a torsion-free finitely presentable group.
  10. Being a polycyclic group.
  11. Being a finitely presentable group with a solvable word problem.
  12. Being a finitely presentable residually finite group.
  13. Being a finitely presentable group of finite cohomological dimension.
  14. Being an automatic group.
  15. Being a finitely presentable simple group.
  16. Being a finitely presentable group of finite asymptotic dimension.
  17. Being a finitely presentable group admitting a uniform embedding into a Hilbert space.
Note that the Adian–Rabin theorem also implies that the complement of a Markov property in the class of finitely presentable groups is algorithmically undecidable. For example, the properties of being nontrivial, infinite, nonabelian, etc., for finitely presentable groups are undecidable. However, there do exist examples of interesting undecidable properties such that neither these properties nor their complements are Markov. Thus Collins proved that the property of being Hopfian is undecidable for finitely presentable groups, while neither being Hopfian nor being non-Hopfian are Markov.