Adrienne von Speyr


Adrienne von Speyr was a Swiss Catholic physician, writer and theologian. She was the author of over 60 books of spirituality and theology, and is considered by some to have been a mystic and stigmatist.

Early life

Adrienne von Speyr was born in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland. Her father, Theodor von Speyr, was an ophthalmologist. Her mother, Laure Girard, was the descendant of a family of noted watchmakers and jewellers from Geneva and Neuenburg. von Speyr was her parents' second child. Her sister, Helen, was a year-and-a-half older. Her first brother, Wilhelm, who became a physician, was born in 1905 and died in 1978. Her second brother, Theodor, was born in 1913 and became the director of a Swiss Bank Corporation in London for many years.
Von Speyr's mother scolded her daily, and this led her to form a strong trust and devotion to God, as well as a recognition of the meaning of sacrifice and renunciation. She formed a deep relationship with her grandmother, a holy and pious woman. She also had a devotion to her father, who treated her with mutual respect and understanding, often taking her with him to the hospital to visit sick children. In her primary school years she began working with the poor and even formed a society with her friends for those living in poverty.
A very bright student, von Speyr occasionally substituted for one of her teachers who suffered from asthma. It was in her religion classes that she began to sense the emptiness of the Protestantism that was being offered to her. At the age of nine she gave a talk to her classmates about the Jesuits, believing that an angel had told her "that the Jesuits were people who loved Jesus totally, and that the truth of God was greater than that of men, and as a result one could not always tell people everything exactly as one understands it in God". She later told Father von Balthasar that when she was six years old she had a mysterious encounter with St. Ignatius while walking up a steep street on Christmas Eve.

Education

In her secondary school years, von Speyr reproached her religious teacher for failing to discuss other religious beliefs, especially Catholic teachings.
Von Speyr was often sick and had constant backaches that forced her to lie down for long periods of time. She would always become ill before Easter; and explained that it was due to Good Friday. Despite her physical sufferings, she focused on helping others who were suffering, spending time comforting and encouraging hospital patients. Not surprisingly, at her secondary school she formed the intention of becoming a doctor, a decision supported by her father but not her mother. And after two years at the school, her mother was successful in having her removed from the school on the ground that it allowed her too much association with boys, and she then spent a year in an advanced girls’ school; although unhappy there, she also met her best friend, Madeleine Gallet. The two of them talked constantly about God, the spiritual life, and how they might convert their classmates.
Von Speyr's father permitted her to return to her former secondary school, where she was the only girl in her class and was very popular, due to her charm, sense of humor, and natural leadership. In November 1917 she experienced a mystical vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary surrounded by angels and saints; her later work would always be marked by a deeply Marian character.
Around this same time, von Speyr knew, she said, that her father would soon die. After his death, she attended both business school and secondary school. In 1918 she suffered a total physical collapse brought on by tuberculosis in both lungs, and the doctors believed she would die within a year. She was sent to Leysin, where she was cared for by Charlotte Olivier, a doctor who was married to one of her relations. Meanwhile, her mother distanced herself even further from her. von Speyr spent time learning and reading Russian. It was in Leysin–where she would often pray in a cold Catholic chapel–that she began to believe that she was being called to the Roman Catholic Church. After another physical collapse, she was able to return to school.
Her mother arranged for a job and a possible husband, but von Speyr resolved to be a doctor; this led to a lengthy period of silence between mother and daughter. She pursued her studies and an internship; in "these and many other experiences", noted Father von Balthasar, "Adrienne learned to seek the God whom she had not yet succeeded in truly finding by the way of service to neighbor."

Later years and death

In 1927, von Speyr met a history professor, Emil Dürr, a widower with two young sons. They married and shortly after the wedding she passed her state boards to become a physician; she was the first woman in Switzerland to be admitted to the medical profession. She claimed that her virginity was miraculously restored after this marriage. Dürr died suddenly in 1934, and in 1936 the widowed Speyr married Werner Kaegi, an associate professor under Dürr who took over his Chair of History at the University of Basel.
During the next few years von Speyr made several unsuccessful attempts to contact Catholic priests to inform them of her desire to convert. In 1940 she was introduced to Father Hans Urs von Balthasar, a Jesuit priest recently appointed as the students' chaplain in Basel. She told him of her desire to become a Roman Catholic, and was baptized on 1 November 1940, the Feast of All Saints, when she was 38. Soon after, she was confirmed. However, according to von Balthasar, she found it impossible when making her profession of faith to declare that the Catholic Church was necessary for salvation. Her family was initially shocked by her decision to become a Catholic; it would take years for a reconciliation with them to take place.
Von Speyr proceeded to form friendships with many notable Catholic thinkers, including Romano Guardini, Hugo Rahner, Erich Przywara, Henri de Lubac, Reinhold Schneider, Annette Kolb, and Gabriel Marcel. Meanwhile, her medical practice was very successful; she had as many as 60 to 80 patients a day.
She is considered by many to have been a mystic and is reputed to have had mystical experiences of the Trinity and the saints. Her reputed mystical experiences grew in frequency until her death. However, others dispute the authenticity of her alleged visions, and note some disturbing features exhibited by them, including apparent changes of personality and the use of sarcasm during her so-called 'missions of hell'.
Fr. von Balthasar wrote that shortly after her conversion "a veritable cataract of mystical graces poured over Adrienne in a seemingly chaotic storm that whirled her in all directions at once. Graces in prayer above all: she was transported beyond all vocal prayer or self-directed meditation upon in order to be set down somewhere after an indeterminate time with new understanding, new love and new resolutions." This included "an increasingly open and intimate association with Mary…" Driving home one night shortly after her conversion, she saw a great light in front of the car and she heard a voice say: "Tu vivras au ciel et sur la terre". This was "the key to all that was to follow" in her life.
The years following 1940 were filled with much physical pain, including a heart attack, diabetes, severe arthritis, and eventually blindness; mystical experiences, including the stigmata; and a close relationship with Fr. von Balthasar, who became her spiritual director and confidant and with whom she co-founded a secular institute, the :de:Johannesgemeinschaft |Johannesgemeinschaft. While in a state of contemplative, mystical prayer, she dictated to Fr. von Balthasar over 60 books, including commentaries on the Bible and various theological topics. She claimed to have insights into the prayer lives of the saints, and to be able to 'grade' them on the quality of their prayer. She gave a low grade to St Thomas Aquinas. Fr. von Balthasar wrote, "She seldom dictated for more than half an hour per day. During vacations she would occasionally dictate for two or three hours, but this was rare." The result was some sixty books dictated between 1940 and 1953. "Her spiritual productivity knew no limits", wrote Fr. von Balthasar, "we could just as well have two or three times as many texts of hers today."
By 1954 she was so ill that she had to discontinue her medical practice. She spent hours each day in prayer, knitting clothing for the poor, and reading Bernanos and Mauriac, among other French authors. From her mid-fifties onward she was so ill that physicians wondered how she remained alive. In 1964 she went blind. Her last months were filled with "continuous, merciless torture", said Fr. von Balthasar, "which she bore with great equanimity, always concerned about the others and constantly apologetic about causing me so much trouble." She died in Basel, Switzerland on 17 September 1967, the Feast of St. Hildegard, who was also a mystic and physician.

Analysis of von Speyr and her work

Balthasar wrote that the three characteristics of Speyr that were most striking were her joyousness, her courage, and her ability to remain a child, having a childlike clarity and wonder about her. In Our Task he provides this character sketch:.
From "How Does One Read Adrienne von Speyr?" by Hans Urs von Balthasar:
A different approach to her work is offered by her smaller, treatise-like works, which develop a special aspect of her theological vision. Before all others, the Handmaid of the Lord should be read, then works of smaller scope like the Gates of Eternal Life, The Immeasurable God, The Face of the Father, and similar ones. From this point, the more extensive works like The World of Prayer and Confession are more easily accessible.
However, others have argued that the relationship between Speyr and von Balthasar was unhealthy and manipulative, and have questioned whether Balthasar's avowed dependence on her alleged revelations allowed him the critical distance that he needed in order to be her confessor and spiritual director.

Influences

The Jesuit Hans Urs von Balthasar said that most of his work was primarily inspired and translated from Speyr's experimentellen Dogmatik. Balthasar left the Jesuits in order to co-operate more fully with Speyr, who claimed to receive heavenly messages from St Ignatius Loyola These messages confirmed Balthasar in his decision to leave the Society and to move in with von Speyr and her husband.

Works

WORKS:
. Margo GRAVEL-PROVENCHER, La Declaration Inter Insigniores. Analyse et prospectives a partir de la pensee de Hans Urs von Balthasar : voir
OEUVRE COMMUNE d'ADRIENNE VON SPEYR et de HANS URS VON BALTHASAR http://web.mac.com/mgravelprovencher/ dans 'AVANT-PROPOS' COMMUNICATION ACFAS 2011.