Aesculus
The genus Aesculus, with varieties called buckeye and horse chestnut, comprises 13–19 species of flowering plants in the soapberry and lychee family, Sapindaceae. They are trees and shrubs native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with six species native to North America and seven to thirteen species native to Eurasia. Also, several hybrids occur. Aesculus exhibits a classical Arcto-Tertiary distribution.
Carl Linnaeus named the genus Aesculus after the Roman name for an edible acorn. Common names for these trees include "buckeye" and "horse chestnut", though they are not in the same order as chestnut trees. Some are also called white chestnut or red chestnut. In Britain, they are sometimes called conker trees because of their link with the game of conkers, played with the seeds, also called conkers.
Description
Aesculus species have stout shoots with resinous, often sticky, buds; opposite, palmately divided leaves, often very large—to across in the Japanese horse chestnut Ae. turbinata. Species are deciduous or evergreen. Flowers are showy, insect- or bird-pollinated, with four or five petals fused into a lobed corolla tube, arranged in a panicle inflorescence. Flowering starts after 80–110 growing degree days. The fruit matures to a capsule diameter, usually globose, containing one to three seeds per capsule. Capsules containing more than one seed result in flatness on one side of the seeds. The point of attachment of the seed in the capsule shows as a large circular whitish scar. The capsule epidermis has "spines" in some species, while other capsules are warty or smooth. At maturity, the capsule splits into three sections to release the seeds.Aesculus seeds were traditionally eaten, after leaching, by the Jōmon people of Japan over about four millennia, until 300 AD.
All parts of the buckeye or horse chestnut tree are moderately toxic, including the nut-like seeds. The toxin affects the gastrointestinal system, causing gastrointestinal disturbances. The USDA notes that the toxicity is due to saponin aescin and glucoside aesculin, with alkaloids possibly contributing.
Native Americans used to crush the seeds and the resulting mash was thrown into still or sluggish waterbodies to stun or kill fish. They then boiled and drained the fish at least three times to dilute the toxin's effects. New shoots from the seeds also have been known to kill grazing cattle.
The genus was considered to be in the ditypic family Hippocastanaceae along with Billia, but phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular data has more recently caused this family, along with the Aceraceae, to be included in the soapberry family.
Selected species
The species of Aesculus include:| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
| Aesculus assamica | NE India eastward to S China and N Vietnam | ||
| Aesculus hippocastanum | Horse chestnut | Europe, native to the Balkans; Northeastern North America | |
| Aesculus indica | Indian horse chestnut | eastern Asia | |
| Aesculus × carnea | red horse chestnut | Central Europe; cultivated elsewhere | |
| Aesculus chinensis | Chinese horse chestnut | eastern Asia | |
| Aesculus chinensis var. wilsonii | Wilson's horse chestnut | eastern Asia | - |
| Aesculus californica | California buckeye | western North America | |
| Aesculus flava | yellow buckeye | eastern North America | |
| Aesculus glabra | Ohio buckeye | eastern North America | |
| Aesculus neglecta | dwarf buckeye | eastern North America | |
| Aesculus parviflora | bottlebrush buckeye | eastern North America | |
| Aesculus parryi | Parry's buckeye | western North America, endemic to Baja California del Norte | |
| Aesculus pavia | red buckeye | eastern North America | |
| Aesculus pavia var. flavescens | Texas yellow buckeye, yellow woolly buckeye | eastern North America, narrowly endemic to Texas | |
| Aesculus sylvatica | painted buckeye | eastern North America | |
| Aesculus turbinata | Japanese horse-chestnut | Japan | |
| Aesculus wangii | Horse chestnut | eastern Asia |
Cultivation
The most familiar member of the genus worldwide is the common horse chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum. The yellow buckeye, Aesculus flava, is also a valuable ornamental tree with yellow flowers, but is less widely planted. Among the smaller species is the bottlebrush buckeye, Aesculus parviflora, a flowering shrub. Several other members of the genus are used as ornamentals, and several horticultural hybrids have also been developed, most notably the red horse chestnut Aesculus × carnea, a hybrid between A. hippocastanum and A. pavia.In art
Interpretations of the tree leaves can be seen in architectural details in the Reims Cathedral.In history
The leaf of Aesculus was the official symbol of Kiev on its coat of arms used from 1969 to 1995. It remains an official symbol of Kiev to this day.In the 1840 U.S. presidential campaign, candidate William Henry Harrison called himself the "log cabin and hard cider candidate", portraying himself sitting in a log cabin made of buckeye logs and drinking hard cider, causing Ohio to become known as "the Buckeye State".