Aggregate supply


In economics, aggregate supply or domestic final supply is the total supply of goods and services that firms in a national economy plan on selling during a specific time period. It is the total amount of goods and services that firms are willing and able to sell at a given price level in an economy.

Analysis

There are two main reasons why the amount of aggregate output supplied might rise as price level P rises, i.e., why the AS curve is upward sloping:
Aggregate supply is targeted by government "supply-side policies" which are meant to increase productive efficiency and hence national output. Some examples of supply-side policies include education and training, research and development, supporting small/medium entrepreneurs, decreasing business taxes, making labour market reforms to diminish frictions that may hold down output, and investing in infrastructure.

Different scopes

There are generally three alternative degrees of price-level responsiveness of aggregate supply. They are:
  1. Short-run aggregate supply — During the short-run, firms possess one fixed factor of production, and some factor input prices are sticky. The quantity of aggregate output supplied is highly sensitive to the price level, as seen in the flat region of the curve in the above diagram.
  2. Long-run aggregate supply — Over the long run, only capital, labour, and technology affect the LRAS in the macroeconomic model because at this point everything in the economy is assumed to be used optimally. In most situations, the LRAS is viewed as static because it shifts the slowest of the three. The LRAS is shown as perfectly vertical, reflecting economists' belief that changes in aggregate demand have an only temporary change on the economy's total output.
  3. Medium run aggregate supply — As an interim between SRAS and LRAS, the MRAS form slopes upward and reflects when capital, as well as labor usage, can change. More specifically, medium run aggregate supply is like this for three theoretical reasons, namely the Sticky-Wage Theory, the Sticky-Price Theory and the Misperception Theory. The position of the MRAS curve is affected by capital, labour, technology, and wage rate.
In the standard aggregate supply-aggregate demand model, real output is plotted on the horizontal axis and the price level on the vertical axis. The levels of output and the price level are determined by the intersection of the aggregate supply curve with the downward-sloping aggregate demand curve.