Akashita


Akashita is a Japanese yōkai that appears in yōkai emaki in the Edo Period, among other places. They are depicted as a beast with clawed hands and a very hairy face covered with dark clouds, but its full body appearance is unknown. In its opened mouth is a big tongue.
It is drawn as a beast with clawed hands and a hairy face, with most of its body hidden in a black cloud over a floodgate. It is characterized by its open mouth and large tongue. Sekien did not attach an explanatory note about this yōkai, but its origins are identifiable as Akaguchi which appears in older Edo period yōkai scrolls such as Bakemono no e. This yōkai is known interchangeably as Akaguchi and Akashita.

Origin theory

Usually, they are not depicted accompanied with anything other than a black cloud, but in the Gazu Hyakki Yagyō by Toriyama Sekien, they are depicted on top of a sluice. However, there is no accompanying explanation, so details about it are unknown. Concerning the name "akashita," the modern literary scholar Atsunobu Inada among others suggest that they are related to the shakuzetsujin and shakuzetsunichi, who protect the western gate of Tai Sui as explained by onmyōdō.
In the Edo Period e-sugoroku, the Jikkai Sugoroku and the emakimono Hyakki Yagyō Emaki, they are depicted by the name "akashita," but in depictions closer to the later mentioned "Akaguchi," it is depicted differently from Sekien's picture, and there is no depiction of a sluice.
Concerning how the there is a sluice depicted in the picture in the Gazu Hyakki Yagyō by Toriyama Sekien, the yōkai researcher Katsumi Tada and yōkai journalist Kenji Murakami posit that this is one kind of picture explanation by Sekien. According to them, the "aka" can be understood as "aka" and "aka", so it is a metaphor for dirtiness, and the "shita" can be understood as "shita", so it can be understood as the popular saying "the tongue is the gate to calamities," so the akashita is a type of rasetsu god, so the picture is likely saying that as long as one's mouth is open, one will never be blessed with good fortune.

Akaguchi

In the Edo Period yōkai emaki Hyakkai Zukan, the Bakemonozukushi, the Bakemono Emaki, there is a yōkai depicted called the "akaguchi" that appears to be modeled after the "akashita" drawn by Sekien. They have a wide open red mouth, the clawed hands, the hairy face, which are points of commonality with the beast depicted as covered with black clouds in the Jikkai Sugoroku and the "akashita" of Sekien. They do not depict a sluice.
According to the Edo Period writing Kiyū Shōran, it can be seen that one of the yōkai that it notes is depicted in the Bakemono E drawn by Kōhōgen Motonobu is one by the name of "akaguchi."
Concerning "akaguchi," Katsumi Tada favors the idea that they come from the shakkō/shakku of the rokuyō.

Expositions in the Shōwa period

In literature starting from Shōwa, several explanations about the akashita have come up in publications, but other than by appearance, they all appear unrelated to the one in the emakimono and by Sekien. The following is a rough summary of these.

Morihiko Fujisawa's notes

In the Yōkai Gadan Zenshū Nihon Hen by the folklore scholare Morihiko Fujisawa, besides Sekien's picture of the "akashita" published for illustration, there is the following caption:
essentially stating that it washes away the fields of evildoers. This caption does not come from Sekien or any old literature, but is a Fujisawa's own original interpretation of the picture.

Arifumi Satō's explanatory text

In the illustrated yōkai references Yōkai Daizukan and Yōkai Daizenka among others by Arifumi Satō, there is the explanation that they are a yōkai that would stick out their tongues from the red sky on evenings and kidnap people. They state that the families of those people kidnapped by an akashita would later prosper, among other things, but nothing that indicates such a legend exists can be found from Sekien or old literature.

Tōhoku Kaidan no Tabi

The Tōhoku Kaidan no Tabi by Norio Yamada writes that an akaguchi appeared at a farming village in the Tsugaru regin in the Aomori Prefecture and resolved a dispute over water for the fields. Starting in the Shōwa era, the story about an akaguchi appearing in the Tsugaru region was widely used in yōkai illustrated references or yōkai themed books among other publications, and all of them refer back to this story.
It is understood that the story about an akashita resolving a water dispute is based on a legend at this place of a water dispute that got resolved, but with Sekien's "akashita" later retrofitted into the story.

Concept

Akaguchi has association with the use of water in farming country. Though some sources say Akaguchi is simply an omen of bad luck, others represent Akaguchi as a protective spirit. During droughts, water is carefully controlled and distributed equally to farmers in the area. As a form of warfare, some would siphon above the allotted amount of water for their personal fields. This was a great crime and could cost neighboring farmers their livelihood. It was believed that the perpetrators of this crime not punished by law would be punished by Akaguchi. If these criminals came near the floodgate Akaguchi would appear and swallow them, scooping them up with its giant red tongue.
The name Akashita may be correlated to shakuzetsujin which guards the western gate of Jupiter. It may also be related to the shakuzetsunichi, a day of bad luck in Onmyōdō.