Article 123 of the European Patent Convention relates to the amendments under the EPC, i.e. the amendments to a European patent application or patent, and notably the conditions under which they are allowable. In particular, prohibits adding subject-matter beyond the content of the application as filed, while prohibits an extension of the scope of protection by amendment after grant.
Article 123(1) EPC
Article 123 EPC provides the right for an applicant, in proceedings before the European Patent Office, to amend its European patent application and for a patent proprietor the right to amend its European patent. This must however be done in accordance with the Implementing Regulations, considering that the applicant is given "at least one opportunity to amend the application of his own volition." According to the Implementing Regulations, amendments before receiving the European search report are generally not allowed, amendments are allowed in response to the extended European search report, and amendments are also allowed shortly after entry into European phase of a PCT application, but formally any further amendment is subject to the consent of the Examining Division.
Article 123(2) EPC
Article 123 EPC provides that a European patent application, or European patent, may not be amended in such a way that it contains subject-matter which extends beyond the content of the application as filed. In other words, an amendment cannot go beyond the original disclosure of the application. The amended subject-matter must be directly and unambiguously derivable from the content of the application as filed. "The underlying idea of Art. 123 EPC is that an applicant should not be allowed to improve his position by adding subject-matter not disclosed in the application as filed, which would give him an unwarranted advantage and could be damaging to the legal security of third parties relying on the content of the original application." This legal provision illustrates the importance accorded by the Convention to the content of a European patent application as filed –i.e. on the filing date– in respect of its legal effects. The provisions of Article 123 EPC do not concern whether amendments have introduced an expression not present in the application as filed, but whether the amendments have introduced subject-matter extending beyond the content of the application as filed. In other words, the only relevant question is whether the skilled person is confronted, in the amended version of the application or the patent, with additional technical information compared to the technical information contained in the application as filed. If so, Article 123 EPC is violated. An extension of the subject-matter of the European patent beyond the content of the application as filed is a ground of opposition, and revocation.
Standard of proof
When assessing the content of a European patent application as filed, the applicable standard of proof is a rigorous standard, namely the certainty "beyond reasonable doubt" rather than the "balance of probabilities", the normal standard of proof in civil proceedings.
Specific types of amendments
Disclaimers
A disclaimer defines, in a claim, subject-matter which is not claimed. By extension, a disclaimer may also mean the action of introduction a negative limitation in a claim, i.e. "an amendment to a claim resulting in the incorporation therein of a "negative" technical feature, typically excluding from a general feature specific embodiments or areas". The allowability of disclaimers is subject to particular conditions. Under the case law of the Boards of Appeal of the EPO, disclaimers are allowed only in certain circumstances, as confirmed in G 1/03 and G 2/03 decisions: In decision G 2/10, the Enlarged Board of Appeal further decided that: Therefore, in G 2/10, the Enlarged Board of Appeal has essentially restored the possibility for an applicant or patentee to renounce part of its patent monopoly, subject to certain conditions.
Article 123(3) EPC
Article 123 EPC prohibits amendments to granted claims during opposition proceedings in such a way as to extend the protection conferred by a European patent. It is for instance "not allowable to replace a technical feature of a granted claim with another technical feature which causes the claim to extend to subject-matter which was not encompassed by the granted claim." "Article 123 EPC is directly aimed at protecting the interests of third parties by prohibiting any broadening of the claims of a granted patent, even if there should be a basis for such broadening in the application as filed." While, before grant, the legal security of third parties has been considered to be "sufficiently protected by the prohibition of extending the content of the application by amendment beyond what was originally disclosed", without therefore prohibiting a broadening of the claims before grant, the situation is different after grant. After grant, "the interests of third parties are further protected by Article 123 EPC the patentee's right to amend the claims is limited by the scope of the granted patent." According to Enlarged Board of Appeal decision G 2/88, "it is the totality of the claims before amendment in comparison with the totality of the claims after the proposed amendment that has to be considered". If for instance the subject-matter of the claims is changed during opposition proceedings to a different embodiment and if, thereby, the scope of protection of the claims has been extended, the amendment, or change, is contrary to Article 123 EPC.
Inescapable Article 123(2) and (3) EPC trap
According to the case law of the Boards of Appeal, if a European patent contains a feature that was not disclosed in the application as filed and if the removal of this feature would extend the scope of protection beyond the scope conferred by the patent as granted, the European patent has, in principle, to be revoked. In principle again, it does not matter whether the amendment leading to such a situation may have been approved during prosecution by the Examining Division, since the responsibility for any amendment always lies with the applicant. The German Federal Court of Justice has adopted a different solution to this problem, allowing patentees to avoid the trap altogether: the so-called "footnote solution". The limiting feature, which was not originally disclosed in the application as filed, can stay in the claim and will limit the scope of protection, but is ignored for assessing patentability.
Correction of errors (Rule 139 EPC)
relates to a specific form of amendments, namely corrections of errors in documents filed with the EPO. Rule 139 EPC contains two sentences, the first one providing for that, in general, "inguistic errors, errors of transcription and mistakes in any document filed with the European Patent Office may be corrected on request", and the second stating that when the requested correction relates to the parts of a patent application or patent relating to the disclosure of the invention, i.e. the description, claims or drawings, "the correction must be obvious in the sense that it is immediately evident that nothing else would have been intended than what is offered as the correction."
