American Federation of Labor


The American Federation of Labor was a national federation of labor unions in the United States founded in Columbus, Ohio, in December 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor union. Samuel Gompers of the Cigar Makers' International Union was elected president at its founding convention and reelected every year, except one, until his death in 1924.
The AFL was the largest union grouping in the United States for the first half of the 20th century, even after the creation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations by unions which were expelled by the AFL in 1935 over its opposition to industrial unionism. The Federation was founded and dominated by craft unions throughout its first fifty years, after which many craft union affiliates turned to organizing on an industrial union basis to meet the challenge from the Congress of Industrial Organizations in the 1940s.
In 1955, the AFL merged with the CIO to create the AFL-CIO, which has comprised the longest lasting and most influential labor federation in the United States to this day.

Organizational history

Origins

The American Federation of Labor was organized as an association of trade unions in 1886. The organization emerged from a dispute with the Knights of Labor organization, in which the leadership of that organization solicited locals of various craft unions to withdraw from their International organizations and to affiliate with the K of L directly, an action which would have taken funds from the various unions and enriched the K of L's coffers. The Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions also merged into what would become the American Federation of Labor.
One of the organizations embroiled in this controversy was the Cigar Makers' International Union, a group subject to competition from a dual union, a rival "Progressive Cigarmakers' Union," organized by members suspended or expelled by the CMIU. The two cigar unions competed with one another in signing contracts with various cigar manufacturers, who were at this same time combining themselves into manufacturers' associations of their own in New York City, Detroit, Cincinnati, Chicago, and Milwaukee.
In January 1886, the Cigar Manufacturers' Association of New York City attempted to flex its muscle by announcing a 20 percent wage cut in factories around the city. The Cigar Makers' International Union refused to accept the cut and 6,000 of its members in 19 factories were locked out by the owners. A strike lasting four weeks ensued. Just when it appeared that the strike might be won, the New York District Assembly of the Knights of Labor leaped into the breach, offering to settle with the 19 factories at a lower wage scale than that proposed by the CMIU, so long as only the Progressive Cigarmakers' Union was employed.
The leadership of the CMIU was enraged and demanded that the New York District Assembly be investigated and punished by the national officials of the Knights of Labor. The committee of investigation was controlled by individuals friendly to the New York District Assembly, however, and the latter was exonerated. The American Federation of Labor was thus originally formed as an alliance of craft unions outside the Knights of Labor as a means of defending themselves against this and similar incursions.
On April 25, 1886, a circular letter was issued by Adolph Strasser of the Cigar Makers and P. J. McGuire of the Carpenters, addressed to all national trade unions and calling for their attendance of a conference in Philadelphia on May 18. The call stated that an element of the Knights of Labor was doing "malicious work" and causing "incalculable mischief by arousing antagonisms and dissensions in the labor movement." The call was signed by Strasser and McGuire, along with representatives of the Granite Cutters, the Iron Molders, and the secretary of the Federation of Trades of North America, a forerunner of the AFL founded in 1881.
Forty-three invitations were mailed, which drew the attendance of 20 delegates and letters of approval from 12 other unions. At this preliminary gathering, held in Donaldson Hall on the corner of Broad and Filbert Streets, the K of L was charged with conspiring with anti-union bosses to provide labor at below going union rates and with making use of individuals who had crossed picket lines or defaulted on payment of union dues. The body authored a "treaty" to be presented to the forthcoming May 24, 1886, convention of the Knights of Labor, which demanded that the K of L cease attempting to organize members of International Unions into its own assemblies without permission of the unions involved and that K of L organizers violating this provision should suffer immediate suspension.
For its part, the Knights of Labor considered the demand for the parcelling of the labor movement into narrow craft-based fiefdoms to be anathema, a violation of the principle of solidarity of all workers across craft lines. Negotiations with the dissident craft unions were nipped in the bud by the governing General Assembly of the K of L, however, with the organization's Grand Master Workman, Terence V. Powderly refusing to enter into serious discussions on the matter. The actions of the New York District Assembly of the K of L were upheld.

Formation and early years

Convinced that no accommodation with the leadership of the Knights of Labor was possible, the heads of the five labor organizations which issued the call for the April 1886 conference issued a new call for a convention to be held December 8, 1886, in Columbus, Ohio, in order to construct "an American federation of alliance of all national and international trade unions." Forty-two delegates representing 13 national unions and various other local labor organizations responded to the call, agreeing to form themselves into an American Federation of Labor.
Revenue for the new organization was to be raised on the basis of a "per-capita tax" of its member organizations, set at the rate of one-half cent per member per month. Governance of the organization was to be by annual conventions, with one delegate allocated for every 4,000 members of each affiliated union. The founding convention voted to make the President of the new federation a full-time official at a salary of $1,000 per year, and Samuel Gompers of the Cigar Makers' International Union was elected to the position. Gompers would ultimately be re-elected to the position by annual conventions of the organization for every year save one until his death nearly four decades later.
Although the founding convention of the AFL had authorized the establishment of a publication for the new organization, Gompers made use of the existing labor press to generate support for the position of the craft unions against the Knights of Labor. Powerful opinion-makers of the American labor movement such as the Philadelphia Tocsin, Haverhill Labor, the Brooklyn Labor Press, and the Denver Labor Enquirer granted Gompers space in their pages, in which he made the case for the unions against the attacks of employers, "all too often aided by the K of L."
Headway was made in the form of endorsement by various local labor bodies. Some assemblies of the K of L supported the Cigar Makers' position and departed the organization: in Baltimore, 30 locals left the organization, while the membership of the Knights in Chicago fell from 25,000 in 1886 to just 3,500 in 1887. Factional warfare broke out in the K of L, with Terence Powderly blaming the organization's travails on "radicals" in its ranks, while those opposing Powderly called for an end to what they perceived as "autocratic leadership."
In the face of the steady disintegration of its rival, the fledgling American Federation of Labor struggled to maintain itself, with the group showing very slow and incremental growth in its first years, only cracking the 250,000 member mark in 1892. The group from the outset concentrated upon the income and working conditions of its membership as its almost sole focus. The AFL's founding convention declaring "higher wages and a shorter workday" to be "preliminary steps toward great and accompanying improvements in the condition of the working people." Participation in partisan politics was avoided as inherently divisive, and the group's constitution was structured to prevent the admission of political parties as affiliates.
This fundamentally conservative "pure and simple" approach limited the AFL to matters pertaining to working conditions and rates of pay, relegating political goals to its allies in the political sphere. The Federation favored pursuit of workers' immediate demands rather than challenging the property rights of owners, and took a pragmatic view of politics which favored tactical support for particular politicians over formation of a party devoted to workers' interests. The AFL's leadership believed the expansion of the capitalist system was seen as the path to betterment of labor, an orientation making it possible for the AFL to present itself as what one historian has called "the conservative alternative to working class radicalism."

Early 20th century

The AFL faced its first major reversal when employers launched an open shop movement in 1903 designed to drive unions out of construction, mining, longshore and other industries. Membership in the AFL's affiliated unions declined between 1904 and 1914 in the face of this concerted anti-union drive, which made effective use of legal injunctions against strikes, court rulings given force when backed with the armed might of the state.
At its November 1907 Convention in Norfolk, Virginia, the AFL founded the future North America's Building Trades Unions as Department of Building Trades.
Ever the pragmatist, Gompers argued that labor should "reward its friends and punish its enemies" in both major parties. However, in the 1900s, the two parties began to realign, with the main faction of the Republican Party coming to identify with the interests of banks and manufacturers, while a substantial portion of the rival Democratic Party took a more labor-friendly position. While not precluding its members from belonging to the Socialist Party or working with its members, the AFL traditionally refused to pursue the tactic of independent political action by the workers in the form of the existing Socialist Party or the establishment of a new labor party. After 1908, the organization's tie to the Democratic party grew increasingly strong.

National Civic Federation

Some unions within the AFL helped form and participated in the National Civic Federation. The National Civic Federation was formed by several progressive employers who sought to avoid labor disputes by fostering collective bargaining and "responsible" unionism. Labor's participation in this federation, at first tentative, created internal division within the AFL Socialists, who believed the only way to help workers was to remove large industry from private ownership, denounced labor's efforts at cooperation with the capitalists in the National Civic Federation. The AFL nonetheless continued its association with the group, which declined in importance as the decade of the 1910s drew to a close.

Canada

By the 1890s, Gompers was planning an international federation of labor, starting with the expansion of AFL affiliates in Canada, especially Ontario. He helped the Canadian Trades and Labour Congress with money and organizers, and by 1902, the AFL came to dominate the Canadian union movement.

Immigration restriction

The AFL vigorously opposed unrestricted immigration from Europe for moral, cultural, and racial reasons. The issue unified the workers who feared that an influx of new workers would flood the labor market and lower wages. Nativism was not a factor because upwards of half the union members were themselves immigrants or the sons of immigrants from Ireland, Germany and Britain. Nativism was a factor when the AFL even more strenuously opposed all immigration from Asia because it represented an alien culture that could not be assimilated into American society. The AFL intensified its opposition after 1906 and was instrumental in passing immigration restriction bills from the 1890s to the 1920s, such as the 1921 Emergency Quota Act and the Immigration Act of 1924, and seeing that they were strictly enforced.
Mink concludes that the link between the AFL and the Democratic Party rested in part on immigration issues, noting the large corporations, which supported the Republicans, wanted more immigration to augment their labor force.

The AFL in World War I, 1914–18

Towards the beginning of World War I, the AFL was against prohibition as it was viewed as cultural right of the working class to drink.
During World War I, the AFL—motivated by fear of government repression, and hope of aid —had worked out an informal agreement with the United States government, in which the AFL would coordinate with the government both to support the war effort and to join "into an alliance to crush radical labor groups" such as the Industrial Workers of the World and Socialist Party of America.
After the war, in 1919, Lucy Robins Lang approached Gompers to get the approval of the AFL to support amnesty for political prisoners in the United States. The initial resolution did not pass the national convention of the AFL that year. However, in 1920, after enlisting the help of lawyer, Morris Hillquit, the resolution passed and the AFL became involved in petition for the release of prisoners who had been convicted under Wartime Emergency Laws. Lang would go on to become the executive secretary of the Amnesty Committee for the AFL.
There were founded "Masaryk Academy of Labour", for the scientific study of this phenomenon, especially principles of scientific management too, in Prague in 1918.

The 1920s

In the pro-business environment of the 1920s, business launched a large-scale offensive on behalf of the so-called "open shop", which meant that a person did not have to be a union member to be hired. AFL unions lost membership steadily until 1933. In 1924, following the death of Samuel Gompers, UMWA member and AFL vice president William Green became the president of the labor federation.
The organization endorsed pro-labor progressive Robert M. La Follette Sr. in the 1924 presidential election. He only carried his home state of Wisconsin. The campaign failed to establish a permanent independent party closely connected to the labor movement, however, and thereafter the Federation embraced ever more closely the Democratic Party, despite the fact that many union leaders remained Republicans. Herbert Hoover in 1928 won the votes of many Protestant AFL members.

The New Deal years, 1933–38

The Great Depression were hard times for the unions, and membership fell sharply across the country. As the national economy began to recover in 1933, so did union membership. The New Deal of president Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat, strongly favored labor unions. He made sure that relief operations like the Civilian Conservation Corps did not include a training component that would produce skilled workers who would compete with union members in a still glutted market. The major legislation was the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, called the Wagner Act. It greatly strengthened organized unions, especially by weakening the company unions that many workers belonged to. It was to the members advantage to transform a company union into a local of an AFL union, and thousands did so, dramatically boosting the membership. The Wagner Act also set up to the National Labor Relations Board, which used its powers to rule in favor of unions and against the companies. However, the NLRB was later taken over by leftist elements who favored the CIO over the AFL
In the early 1930s AFL president William Green experimented with an industrial approach to organizing in the automobile and steel industries. The AFL made forays into industrial unionism by chartering federal labor unions, which would organize across an industry and be chartered by the Federation, not through existing craft unions, guilds, or brotherhoods. As early as 1923, the AFL had chartered federal labor unions, including six news writer locals that had formerly been part of the International Typographical Union. However, in the 1930s the AFL began chartering these federal labor unions as an industrial organizing strategy. The dues in these federal labor unions were kept intentionally low to make them more accessible to low paid industrial workers; however, these low dues later allowed the Internationals in the Federation to deny members of FLUs voting membership at conventions. In 1933, Green sent William Collins to Detroit to organize automobile workers into a federal labor union. That same year workers at the Westinghouse plant in East Springfield MA, members of federal labor union 18476, struck for recognition. In 1933, the AFL received 1,205 applications for charters for federal labor unions, 1006 of which were granted. By 1934, the AFL had successfully organized 32,500 autoworkers using the federal labor union model. Most of the leadership of the craft union internationals that made up the federation, advocated for the FLU's to be absorbed into existing craft union internationals and for these internationals to have supremacy of jurisdiction. At the 1933 AFL convention in Washington, DC John Frey of the Molders and Metal Trades pushed for craft union internationals to have jurisdictional supremacy over the FLU's; the Carpenters headed by William Hutchenson and the IBEW also pushed for FLU's to turn over their members to the authority of the craft internationals between 1933 and 1935. In 1934, one hundred FLUs met separately and demanded that the AFL continue to issue charters to unions organizing on an industrial basis independent of the existing craft union internationals. In 1935 the FLUs representing autoworkers and rubber workers both held conventions independent of the craft union internationals.
By the 1935 AFL convention, Green and the advocates of traditional craft unionism faced increasing dissension led by John L. Lewis of the coal miners, Sidney Hillman of the Amalgamated, David Dubinsky of the Garment Workers, Charles Howard of the ITU, Thomas McMahon of the Textile Workers, and Max Zaritsky of the Hat, Cap, and Millinery Workers, in addition to the members of the FLU's themselves. Lewis argued that the AFL was too heavily oriented toward traditional craftsmen, and was overlooking the opportunity to organize millions of semiskilled workers, especially those in industrial factories that made automobiles, rubber, glass and steel. In 1935 Lewis led the dissenting unions in forming a new Congress for Industrial Organization within the AFL Both the new CIO industrial unions, and the older AFL crafts unions grew rapidly after 1935. In 1936 union members enthusiastically supported Roosevelt's landslide reelection. Proposals for the creation of an independent labor party were rejected.

World War II until merger, 1939–1955

The AFL retained close ties to the Democratic machines in big cities through the 1940s. Its membership surged during the war and it held on to most of its new members after wartime legal support for labor was removed. Despite its close connections to many in Congress, the AFL was not able to block the Taft–Hartley Act in 1947.
Also in 1947, the union supported the strike efforts of thousands of switchboard operators by donating thousands of dollars.
In 1955, the AFL and CIO merged to form the AFL–CIO, headed by George Meany.

Historical problems

Racism

During its first years, the AFL admitted nearly anyone. Gompers opened the AFL to radical and socialist workers and to some semiskilled and unskilled workers. Women, African Americans, and immigrants joined in small numbers. But by the 1890s, the Federation had begun to organize only skilled workers in craft unions and became an organization of mostly white men. Although the Federation preached a policy of egalitarianism in regard to African American workers, it actively discriminated against black workers. The AFL sanctioned the maintenance of segregated locals within its affiliates—particularly in the construction and railroad industries—a practice which often excluded black workers altogether from union membership and thus from employment in organized industries.
In 1901, the AFL lobbied Congress to reauthorize the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, and issued a pamphlet entitled "Some reasons for Chinese Exclusion. Meat vs. Rice. American Manhood against Asiatic Coolieism. Which shall survive?" The AFL also began one of the first organized labor boycotts when they began putting white stickers on the cigars made by unionized white cigar rollers while simultaneously discouraging consumers from purchasing cigars rolled by Chinese workers.

Sexism

In most ways, the AFL's treatment of women workers paralleled its policy towards black workers. The AFL never adopted a strict policy of gender exclusion and, at times, even came out in favor of women's unionism. But despite such rhetoric, the Federation only half-heartedly supported women's attempts to organize and, more often, took pains to keep women out of unions and the workforce altogether. Only two national unions affiliated with the AFL at its founding openly included women, and others passed by-laws barring women's membership entirely. The AFL hired its first female organizer, Mary Kenney O'Sullivan, only in 1892, released her after five months, and it did not replace her or hire another woman national organizer until 1908. Women who organized their own unions were often turned down in bids to join the Federation, and even women who did join unions found them hostile or intentionally inaccessible. AFL unions often held meetings at night or in bars when women might find it difficult to attend and where they might feel uncomfortable, and male unionists heckled women who tried to speak at meetings.
Generally the AFL viewed women workers as competition, as strikebreakers, or as an unskilled labor reserve that kept wages low. As such, the Federation often opposed women's employment entirely. When it did organize women workers, most often it did so to protect men's jobs and earning power and not to improve the conditions, lives, or wages of women workers. In response, most women workers remained outside the labor movement. In 1900, only 3.3% of working women were organized into unions. In 1910, even as the AFL surged forward in membership, the number had dipped to 1.5%. And while it improved to 6.6% over the next decade, women remained mostly outside of unions and practically invisible inside of them into the mid-1920s.
Attitudes gradually changed within the AFL due to the pressure of organized female workers. Female-domination began to emerge in the first two decades of the 20th century, including particularly the International Ladies Garment Workers' Union. Women organized independent locals among New York hat makers, in the Chicago stockyards, and among Jewish and Italian waist makers, to name only three examples. Through the efforts of middle class reformers and activists, often of the Women's Trade Union League, these unions joined the AFL.

Conflicts between affiliated unions

From the beginning, unions affiliated with the AFL found themselves in conflict when both unions claimed jurisdiction over the same groups of workers: both the Brewers and Teamsters claimed to represent beer truck drivers, both the Machinists and the International Typographical Union claimed to represent certain printroom employees, and the Machinists and a fledgling union known as the "Carriage, Wagon and Automobile Workers Union" sought to organize the same employees—even though neither union had made any effort to organize or bargain for those employees. In some cases the AFL mediated the dispute, usually favoring the larger or more influential union. The AFL often reversed its jurisdictional rulings over time, as the continuing jurisdictional battles between the Brewers and the Teamsters showed. In other cases the AFL expelled the offending union, as it did in 1913 in the case of the Carriage, Wagon and Automobile Workers Union.
These jurisdictional disputes were most frequent in the building trades, where a number of different unions might claim the right to have work assigned to their members. The craft unions in this industry organized their own department within the AFL in 1908, despite the reservations of Gompers and other leaders about creation of a separate body within the AFL that might function as a federation within a federation. While those fears were partly borne out in practice, as the Building Trades Department did acquire a great deal of practical power gained through resolving jurisdictional disputes between affiliates, the danger that it might serve as the basis for schism never materialized.
Affiliates within the AFL formed "departments" to help resolve these jurisdictional conflicts and to provide a more effective voice for member unions in given industries. The Metal Trades Department engaged in some organizing of its own, primarily in shipbuilding, where unions such as the Pipefitters, Machinists and Iron Workers joined together through local metal workers' councils to represent a diverse group of workers. The Railway Employees Department dealt with both jurisdictional disputes between affiliates and pursued a common legislative agenda for all of them. Even that sort of structure did not prevent AFL unions from finding themselves in conflict on political issues. For example, the International Seamen's Union opposed passage of a law applying to workers engaged in interstate transport that railway unions supported. The AFL bridged these differences on an ad hoc basis.

Historical achievements

Organizing and coordination

The AFL made efforts in its early years to assist its affiliates in organizing: it advanced funds or provided organizers or, in some cases, such as the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, the Teamsters and the American Federation of Musicians, helped form the union. The AFL also used its influence to heal splits within affiliated unions, to force separate unions seeking to represent the same or closely related jurisdictions to merge, or to mediate disputes between rival factions where both sides claimed to represent the leadership of an affiliated union. The AFL also chartered "federal unions"—local unions not affiliated with any international union—in those fields in which no affiliate claimed jurisdiction.
The AFL also encouraged the formation of local labor bodies in major metropolitan areas in which all of the affiliates could participate. These local labor councils acquired a great deal of influence in some cases. For example, the Chicago Federation of Labor spearheaded efforts to organize packinghouse and steel workers during and immediately after World War I. Local building trades councils also became powerful in some areas. In San Francisco, the local Building Trades Council, led by Carpenters official P. H. McCarthy, not only dominated the local labor council but helped elect McCarthy mayor of San Francisco in 1909. In a very few cases early in the AFL's history, state and local bodies defied AFL policy or chose to disaffiliate over policy disputes.

Political action

Though Gompers had contact with socialists and such as AFL co-founder Peter J. McGuire, the AFL adopted a philosophy of "business unionism" that emphasized unions' contribution to businesses' profits and national economic growth. The business unionist approach also focused on skilled workers' immediate job-related interests, while refusing to "rush to the support of any one of the numerous society-saving or society destroying schemes" involved in larger political issues.
This approach was set by Gompers, who was influenced by a fellow cigar maker Ferdinand Laurrel. Despite his socialist contacts, Gompers himself was not a socialist.
In some respects the AFL leadership took a pragmatic view toward politicians, following Gompers' slogan to "reward your friends and punish your enemies" without regard to party affiliation. Over time, after repeated disappointments with the failure of labor's legislative efforts to protect workers' rights, which the courts had struck down as unconstitutional, Gompers became almost anti-political, opposing some forms of protective legislation, such as limitations on working hours, because they would detract from the efforts of unions to obtain those same benefits through collective bargaining.
, a National Historic Landmark, in Washington, D.C.
Employers discovered the efficacy of labor injunctions, first used with great effect by the Cleveland administration during the Pullman Strike in 1894. While the AFL sought to outlaw "yellow dog contracts," to limit the courts' power to impose "government by injunction" and to obtain exemption from the antitrust laws that were being used to criminalize labor organizing, the courts reversed what few legislative successes the labor movement won.
The AFL concentrated its political efforts during the last decades of the Gompers administration on securing freedom from state control of unions—in particular an end to the court's use of labor injunctions to block the right to organize or strike and the application of the anti-trust laws to criminalize labor's use of pickets, boycotts and strikes. The AFL thought that it had achieved the latter with the passage of the Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914—which Gompers referred to as "Labor's Magna Carta". But in Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering, 254 U.S. 443, the United States Supreme Court narrowly read the Act and codified the federal courts' existing power to issue injunctions rather than limit it. The court read the phrase "between an employer and employees" to refer only to cases involving an employer and its own employees, leaving the courts free to punish unions for engaging in sympathy strikes or secondary boycotts.
The AFL's pessimistic attitude towards politics did not, on the other hand, prevent affiliated unions from pursuing their own agendas. Construction unions supported legislation that governed entry of contractors into the industry and protected workers' rights to pay, rail and mass production industries sought workplace safety legislation, and unions generally agitated for the passage of workers' compensation statutes.
At the same time, the AFL took efforts on behalf of women in supporting protective legislation. It advocated fewer hours for women workers, and based its arguments on assumptions of female weakness. Like efforts to unionize, most support for protective legislation for women came out of a desire to protect men's jobs. If women's hours could be limited, reasoned AFL officials, they would infringe less on male employment and earning potential. But the AFL also took more selfless efforts. Even from the 1890s, the AFL declared itself vigorously in favor of women's suffrage. It often printed pro-suffrage articles in its periodical, and in 1918, it supported the National Union of Women's Suffrage.
The AFL relaxed its rigid stand against legislation after the death of Gompers. Even so, it remained cautious. Its proposals for unemployment benefits were too modest to have practical value, as the Great Depression soon showed. The impetus for the major federal labor laws of the 1930s came from the New Deal. The enormous growth in union membership came after Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933 and National Labor Relations Act in 1935. The AFL refused to sanction or participate in the mass strikes led by John L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers and other left unions such as the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. After the AFL expelled the CIO in 1936, the CIO undertook a major organizing effort. The AFL responded with its own massive organizing drive that kept its membership totals 50 percent higher than the CIO's.

Presidents of the American Federation of Labor

UnionDate organizedDate affiliated1925 membersComments
Asbestos Workers, International Union of Heat and Frost Insulators and188718872,400Journal: Official Journal
Actors and Artistes of America, Associated1919191910,100Includes: Actors' Equity Association, American Guild of Musical Artists, American Guild of Variety Artists, Screen Actors Guild.
Auto Workers, United19351935N/ASuspended 1936 due to Communist influence; helped form CIO.
Bakery and Confectionery Workers of America, International Union of1886188721,800Started as Journeymen Bakers' Union. Journal: The Bakers' Journal.
Journeymen Barbers' International Union of America1887188848,000Journal: The Journeyman Barber.
Bill Posters and Billers of United States and Canada International Alliance190219031,600
Blacksmiths, Drop Forgers and Helpers, International Brotherhood of189018905,000Journal: Blacksmiths Journal.
Boilermakers and Iron Shipbuilders, International Brotherhood of1880188217,100Two Boilermakers unions amalgamated in 1893, considered the start date of this union by some. Journal: The Boilermakers and Iron Shipbuilders' Journal.
Bookbinders, International Brotherhood of1892189213,600Journal: The International Bookbinder.
Boot and Shoe Workers' Union1895189536,200Journal: The Shoe Workers' Journal.
Brewery, Flour, Cereal and Soft Drink Workers of America1884188716,000Journal: Brewery, Flour, Cereal and Soft Drink Workers' Journal.
Brick and Clay Workers of America, United189418985,000Journal: Union Clay Worker.
Bricklayers', Masons and Plasterers' International Union of America1865191670,000Journal: The Bricklayer, Mason and Plasterer.
Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers, International Association of1896190316,300Journal: The Bridgemen's Magazine.
Broom and Whisk Makers' Union, International18931893700Journal: The Broom Maker.
Building Service Employees International Union192119216,200
Carpenters and Joiners, Amalgamated Association of18691890N/AAFL charter revoked by 1912 convention for refusing to amalgamate with Brotherhood of Carpenters. Journal: The Carpenter.
Carpenters and Joiners of America, United Brotherhood of18671886317,000
Cigarmakers' International Union1864188723,500Journal: Cigarmakers' Official Journal.
Cloth Hat, Cap and Millinery Workers' International Union190119027,800Suspended for protracted period in early 1920s for failure to comply with convention decision. Journal: The Headgear Worker.
Conductors, Order of Sleeping Car191819192,300Journal: The Sleeping Car Conductor.
Coopers' International Union of North America186418921,300Journal: The Coopers' International Journal.
Cutting Die and Cutter Makers of America, International Union ofN/ASuspended for non-payment of dues, 1923 on.
Diamond Workers' Protective Union of America19101912400
Elastic Goring Weavers, Amalgamated Association of18941894100
Electrical Workers, International Brotherhood of18911891142,000Journal: The Journal of Electrical Workers and Operators.
Elevator Constructors, International Union of190119038,100Journal: The Elevator Constructor.
Federal Employees, National Federation of1917191720,200Disaffiliated from AFL, December 1931. Journal: Federal Employee.
Fire Fighters, International Association of1918191816,000Journal: International Fire Fighter.
Foundry Employees, International Brotherhood of190419043,500Later amalgamated with the Molders.
Fur Workers' Union of the United States and Canada, International1913191311,400Journal: The Fur Worker.
Garmernt Workers of America, United1891189147,500Journal: The Garment Worker.
Glass Bottle Blowers' Association184718996,000Journal: The Bottle Maker.
Glass Workers' Union, American Flint187819125,300Journal: American Flint.
Glass Workers, National Window187219182,000
Glove Workers' Union of America, International19021902300
Granite Cutters' International Association187718868,500Journal: Granite Cutters Journal.
Hatters of North America, United1854188611,500
Hod Carriers, Building and Common Laborers' Union, International1903190361,500Now Laborers' International Union of North America.
Horseshoers of United States and Canada, International Union of Journeymen187418932,000Journal: International Horseshoers' Monthly Magazine.
Hotel and Restaurant Employees' International Alliance and Bartenders' League of America1890189038,500Journal: The Mixer and Server.
Iron, Steel and Tin Workers, Amalgamated Association of1876188711,400Journal: The Amalgamated Journal.
Jewelry Workers' Union, International19161916800Journal: Jewelry Workers' Monthly Bulletin.
Lace Operatives of America, The Chartered Association ofN/ASuspended c. 1920 for failure to comply with decisions of convention.
Ladies' Garment Workers Union, International1900190090,000Journals: Justice ; Gerechtigkeit ; Giustizia ;
Lathers, International Union of Wood, Wire and Metal189918998,900Journal: The Lather.
Laundry Workers' International Union190019005,500
Leather Workers' International Union, United189618962,000Journal: Leather Workers' Journal.
Letter Carriers, National Association of1889191732,500Journal: Postal Record.
Letter Carriers, National Association of Rural19191919300
Lithographers of America, Amalgamated188219065,300Journal: Lithographers' Journal.
Longshoremen's Association, International1892189631,800Journal: The Longshoreman.
Machinists, International Association of1888189571,400Journal: Machinists Monthly Journal.
Maintenance of Way Employees, United Brotherhood of1886190037,400Journal: Railway Maintenance of Way Employees' Journal.
Marble, Slate and Stone Polishers, Rubbers and Sawyers, Tile and Marble Setters' Helpers, International Association of191619163,200
Marine Engineers' Beneficial Association, National1875N/ADisaffiliated with AFL, 1923.
Masters, Mates and Pilots of America189719143,900
Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen, Amalgamated1897189712,200
Metal Engravers' International Union19201921100
Metal Polishers Union of North America, International189118966,000
Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, International Union of189318968,500Journal: The Miners' Magazine.
Mine Workers of America, United18901890400,000Journal: United Mine Workers' Journal.
Molders' Union of America, International1859188627,500Later amalgamated with Foundry Employees. Journal: International Molders' Journal.
Musicians, American Federation of1896189680,000Journal: International Musician.
Office Employees International Union19421945N/A
Oil Field, Gas Well and Refinery Workers of America, International Association of191919191,200
Painters, Decorators and Paperhangers of America, Brotherhood of18871887107,600Now International Union of Painters and Allied Trades. Journal: The Painter and Decorator.
Papermakers, International Brotherhood of189218975,000Journal: Paper Maker Journal.
Pattern Makers' League of North America188718947,000Journal: Pattern Makers Journal.
Pavers, Rammersmen, Flag Layers, Bridge and Stone Setters, International Union of186019052,000
Paving Cutters' Union of the United States190119042,400Journal: Paving Cutters' Journal.
Photo-Engravers' Union of North America, International190019047,200Journal: The American Photo Engraver.
Piano, Organ and Musical Instrument Workers' Union of America, International18981902600
Plasterers and Cement Finishers' International Association of the United States and Canada, Operative1862190830,000Journal: The Plasterer.
Plate Printers' and Die Stampers' Union of North America, International189118981,200Amalgamated with Steel and Copper Plate Engravers' League, late 1925. Journal: The Plate Printer.
Plumbers and Steamfitters of the United States and Canada, United Association of1889189739,200Journal: Plumbers, Gas and Steam Fitters' Journal.
Pocketbook Workers of America, International19231925N/AJournal: International Pocketbook Worker.
Postal Employees, National Federation of1906190623,700Was National Federation of Postal Employees. Journal: Union Postal Clerk.
Potters, National Brotherhood of Operative189918998,100Journal: The Potters' Herald.
Powder and High Explosive Workers, United19021902200
Print Cutters' Association of America, InternationalN/AAmalgamated with Timber Workers, 1923.
Printers and Color Mixers of the United States, International Association of MachineN/AAmalgamated with Timber Workers, 1923.
Printing Pressman and Assistants' Union of North America, International1889189040,000Journal: The American Pressman.
Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers, International Brotherhood of190619095,000
Quarry Workers' International Union of North America190319033,000Journal: Quarry Workers' Journal.
Railroad Carmen, Brotherhood of18881900125,000Journal: Railway Carmen's Journal.
Railroad Signalmen of America, Brotherhood of190819148,000Journal: Signalmen's Journal.
Railroad Telegraphers, Order of1886189939,200Journal: The Railroad Telegrapher.
Railway Clerks, Brotherhood of1899190891,200Journal: The Railway Clerk.
Railway Mail Association1898191719,100Journal: The Railway Post Office.
Retail Clerks' International Protective Association1890189110,000Journal: Retail Clerks' International Advocate.
Roofers, United Slate, Tile and Composition + Damp and Waterproof Workers' Association190219033,000Amalgamated with Slate and Tile Roofers in 1919. Now United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers and Allied Workers.
Sawsmiths' National UnionN/AApparently defunct from 1924.
Seamen's International Union of America1892189316,000Journal: The Seamen's Journal.
Sheet Metal Workers' Union, Amalgamated1888189025,000Journal: Sheet Metal Workers Journal.
Spinners' Union, InternationalN/AApparently absorbed through amalgamation or defunct by 1925.
Stage Employees and Moving Picture Machine Operators of the United States and Canada1893189420,000Journal: General Bulletin.
State, County and Municipal Employees, American Federation of19321936N/A
Stationary Firemen and Oilers, International Brotherhood of1898189810,000Journal: Firemen and Oilers Journal.
Steam and Operating Engineers, International Union of1896189725,300Now International Union of Operating Engineers. Journal: International Steam Engineer.
Steam Shovel and Dredgemen, International Brotherhood of18961915N/ASuspended by AFL in 1920 due to jurisdictional dispute with Steam Engineers. Journal: Steam Shovel and Dredge.
Stereotypers and Electrotypers' Union, International190219026,800Journal: International Stereotypers and Electrotypers' Union Journal.
Stone Cutters' Association, Journeymen185319075,100Journal: The Stone Cutters Journal.
Stove Mounters' International Union189218941,600Journal: Stove Mounters and Range Workers' Journal.
Street and Electric Railway Employees of America, Amalgamated Association of18921893101,000Now Amalgamated Transit Union. Journal: The Motorman and Conductor.
Switchmen's Union of North America189419068,900Journal: The Journal of the Switchmen's Union of North America.
Tailors' Union of America, Journeymen188318879,300Journal: The Tailor.
Teachers, American Federation of191619163,500Journal: American Federation of Teachers Monthly Bulletin.
Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Stablemen and Helpers, International Brotherhood of1899189978,900Journal: Official Magazine.
Technical Engineers', Architects' and Draftsmen's Unions, International Federation of19161916600
Telegraphers' Union of America, Commercial190219024,100Journal: The Commercial Telegraphers' Journal.
Textile Workers of America, United1901190130,000Journal: The Textile Worker.
Theatrical Press Agents and Managers, Association of19281928?Includes: Press Agents and Theatre Managers.
Timber Workers, International Union ofN/ADisbanded 1923.
Tobacco Workers International Union189518951,400Journal: Tobacco Worker.
Transferrers' Association of America, International Steel PlateN/AApparently absorbed through amalgamation or defunct by 1925.
Tunnel and Subway Constructors191019103,000
Typographical Union, International1852188171,000Journals: The Typographical Journal ; Buchdrucker-Zeitung.
Upholsters' International Union of North America188218927,600Journal: Upholsterers' Journal.
Wall Paper Crafts of North America, United19231923600
Wire Weavers' Protective Association, America18761895400
Wood Carvers' Association of North America, International188318961,000Journal: The International Woodcarver.

State federations

Primary sources