Anuṣṭubh


is a meter and a metrical unit, found in both Vedic and Classical Sanskrit poetry, but with significant differences.
By origin, an anuṣṭubh stanza is a quatrain of four lines. Each line, called a pāda, has eight syllables.

In Vedic texts

Arnold distinguishes three varieties of anuṣṭubh in the Vedic corpus: an early free form, with very few restrictions except a general iambic tendency in the cadence of each of the four pādas; e.g.
Next came a mildly trochaic development in the opening of each pāda; and finally the development of the "epic anuṣṭubh" prefiguring the classical śloka form. Although in these hymns the iambic cadence of the first verse is still the most frequent of all varieties, it is already very nearly equalled by the normal and characteristic cadence of the first verse in the epic anuṣṭhubh, where the iambic cadence in the first verse has entirely disappeared.

In Classical Sanskrit: the ''śloka''

In classical Sanskrit the anuṣṭubh developed into its specific epic form known as śloka, as described above, which may be considered the Indian verse par excellence, occurring, as it does, far more frequently than any other meter in classical Sanskrit poetry.
By the 5th century CE, in the poetry of Kalidasa, the śloka had the restricted form shown in the table above. Each half-verse of 16 syllables can take either a pathyā form or one of several vipulā forms. The pathyā and vipulā half-verses are arranged in the table above in order of frequency of occurrence. The most common is the pathyā. Out of 2579 half-verses taken from Kalidasa, Bharavi, Magha, and Bilhana, each of the four admissible forms of shloka in this order claims the following share: 2289, 116, 89, 85; that is, 89% of the half-verses have the regular pathyā form.
In earlier epic, such as the Mahabharata, a fourth vipula is found, namely:
Two rules that apply in every śloka are: