Aphthovirus


Aphthovirus is a viral genus of the family Picornaviridae. Aphthoviruses infect split-hooved animals, and include the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease. Foot-and-mouth disease virus is the prototypic member of the genus Aphthovirus. There are seven FMDV serotypes: A, O, C, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 and Asia 1, and four non-FMDV serotypes belonging to three additional species Bovine rhinitis A virus, Bovine rhinitis B virus and Equine rhinitis A virus.

Structure

Aphthoviruses are non-enveloped and have an icosahedral capsid with a diameter of around 27 to 30 nm. The assembled viral capsid contains a single copy of the RNA genome and 60 copies of the four viral capsid proteins VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4. The protomers form the sides of the icosahedral capsid. The VP4 protein is internal.
GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
AphthovirusIcosahedralPseudo T=3Non-envelopedLinearMonopartite

Genome

The aphthoviruses are differentiated from other picornaviruses as they have a larger genome. The genome is non-segmented and consists of a positive-sense single-stranded RNA. It contains a single open reading frame with a 5' end linked protein, which is associated with the genome via a phosphodiester bond linked to a tyrosine residue. The 5' untranslated region of the genome contains a poly tract and an internal ribosome entry site, while the 3' UTR is polyadenylated. The P1 region encodes the structural proteins. The P2 and P3 regions encode the nonstructural proteins associated with replication.

Replication

Aphthoviruses replicate in a similar fashion to all picornaviruses. Replication is cytoplasmic and initially involves attachment of the exogenous virus to the cell membrane. Attachment to the membrane and subsequent entry into the cell is mediated by a membrane receptor. After genome replication within the cytoplasm, virion assembly occurs and new virus particles aggregate within the cell. Release of virus particles is mediated by cell lysis.

Pathology and ecology

Aphthoviruses include the causative agents of foot-and-mouth disease, which primarily affects livestock such as cattle, swine, sheep and goats. FMD was first discovered in Italy in the 16th century. Since then, the prevalence of the disease has remained, despite many countries being declared FMD-free. Endemic regions of the disease include areas of Europe, Asia and South America. The virus commonly persists in animal feed and is able to survive environmentally for up to one month. Eradication of FMD in endemic areas has been difficult, despite the availability of a vaccine.
Equine rhinitis A virus was first isolated from horses in the 1960s and 1970s showing acute febrile respiratory disease signs, including fever, cough, clear nasal discharge and lethargy. Given its similarity to the common cold in humans, ERAV was initially named "equine rhinovirus 1". Modern molecular biology techniques such as nucleotide sequencing demonstrated that ERAV was in fact more closely related to FMDV, and was reclassified to the genus Aphthovirus.
GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
AphthovirusRuminants, pigs, horses.Epithelium: soft palate; epithelium: pharynx; epithelium: lung; epithelium: feet; epithelium: mouthClathrin-mediated endocytosisLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmContact; saliva; aerosol