In petrophysics, Archie's law relates the in-situ electrical conductivity of a sedimentary rock to its porosity and brine saturation: Here, denotes the porosity, the electrical conductivity of the fluid saturated rock, represents the electrical conductivity of the brine, is the brine saturation, is the cementation exponent of the rock, is the saturation exponent and is the tortuosity factor. Reformulated for electrical resistivity, the equation reads with for the fluid saturated rock resistivity, and for the brine resistivity. The factor is also called the formation factor, where is the resistivity of the rock filled with only water. The factor is also called the resistivity index. It is a purely empirical law attempting to describe ion flow in clean, consolidated sands, with varying intergranular porosity. Electrical conduction is assumed not to be present within the rock grains or in fluids other than water. Archie's law is named after Gus Archie who developed this empirical quantitative relationship between porosity, electrical conductivity, and brine saturation of rocks. Archie's law laid the foundation for modern well log interpretation as it relates borehole electrical conductivity measurements to hydrocarbon saturations.
Parameters
Cementation exponent,
The cementation exponent models how much the pore network increases the resistivity, as the rock itself is assumed to be non-conductive. If the pore network were to be modelled as a set of parallel capillary tubes, a cross-section area average of the rock's resistivity would yield porosity dependence equivalent to a cementation exponent of 1. However, the tortuosity of the rock increases this to a higher number than 1. This relates the cementation exponent to the permeability of the rock, increasing permeability decreases the cementation exponent. The exponent has been observed near 1.3 for unconsolidated sands, and is believed to increase with cementation. Common values for this cementation exponent for consolidated sandstones are 1.8 < < 2.0. In carbonate rocks, the cementation exponent shows higher variance due to strong diagenetic affinity and complex pore structures. Values between 1.7 and 4.1 have been observed. The cementation exponent is usually assumed not to be dependent on temperature.
Saturation exponent,
The saturation exponent usually is fixed to values close to 2. The saturation exponent models the dependency on the presence of non-conductive fluid in the pore-space, and is related to the wettability of the rock. Water-wet rocks will, for low water saturation values, maintain a continuous film along the pore walls making the rock conductive. Oil-wet rocks will have discontinuous droplets of water within the pore space, making the rock less conductive.
Tortuosity factor,
The constant, called the tortuosity factor, cementation intercept, lithology factor or, lithology coefficient is sometimes used. It is meant to correct for variation in compaction, pore structure and grain size. The parameter a is called the tortuosity factor and clearly is related to the path length of the current flow. The value lies in the range 0.5 to 1.5, and it may be different in different reservoirs. However a typical value to start with for a sandstone reservoir might be 0.6, which then can be tuned during log data matching process with other sources of data such as core.
Measuring the exponents
In petrophysics, the only reliable source for the numerical value of both exponents is experiments on sand plugs from cored wells. The brine conductivity can be measured directly on produced water samples. Alternatively, the brine conductivity and the cementation exponent can also be inferred from downhole electrical conductivity measurements across brine-saturated intervals. For brine-saturated intervals Archie's law can be written Hence, plotting the logarithm of the measured in-situ electrical conductivity against the logarithm of the measured in-situ porosity, according to Archie's law a straight-line relationship is expected with slope equal to the cementation exponent and intercept equal to the logarithm of the in-situ brine conductivity.
