Arthur Chester Millspaugh, PhD, was a former adviser at the U.S. State Department’s Office of the Foreign Trade, who was hired to re-organize the Finance Ministry of Iran from 1922–1927 and 1942-1945. With his help, Iran became independent of foreign loans to maintain its economy. Back then, the Iranian public viewed the United States as a liberator from British and Russian dominance, as well as the country which would make Iran prosperous and rich. Up until the Cold War, Millspaugh tried, unsuccessfully, to influence the U.S. State Department's policies toward Iran. He was born at Augusta, Michigan, and educated at Albion College, the University of Illinois, and Johns Hopkins. After teaching political science for two years and working in the drafting office of the United States State Department for three more, he became acting foreign trade adviser in 1921-22. When Persia requested that an American financial adviser be sent to Tehran, Dr. Millspaugh was appointed, and he and his staff reached the Persian capital in November, 1922. He found the Persian treasury empty and the fiscal administration in chaos, but with the help of the Persian authorities and the military, he straightened matters out. A budget was established, taxes were collected, and brigandage greatly diminished. As Administrator-General of Finances of Iran, he brought positive results in balancing the Iranian budget, further strengthening the American case in Iranian government circles. Iranian government officials were grateful to Millspaugh by whom appreciable reduction was effected in the monthly deficit of the Iranian Government account. He worked in Tehran for four years, and again returned in 1942 by the invitation of Iran's 13th Majles. Despite being given temporary legislative authority, Millspaugh's reforms were unable to rejuvenate the Iranian economy. Reza Shah terminated the authority on grounds of Millspaugh’s repeated noncompliance with the Shah’s requests for increased military expenditure. Millspaugh managed to implement a number of reforms, including a new taxation law that hit the poor hard but financed Reza Shah’s Trans-Iranian Railway project, which got underway in 1927. The mission’s accomplishments were repeatedly hampered by internal political rivalries in Iran and a widespread system of patronage and graft among many leading Iranian politicians. Fancying himself the successor to Morgan Shuster’s unfulfilled legacy of restructuring Iran’s economy, in 1925 Millspaugh published a book on his assignment in Iran, "The American Task in Persia". Discussing Iran’s shattered economy, Millspaugh’s book sympathetically portrayed Iran and Iranians, but heaped criticism on the Iranian bureaucracy. "The American task in Persia" was highly influential in shaping American political opinion towards Iran. Commentaries on Iran appearing in American foreign policy journals, such as Foreign Affairs and Foreign Policy Reports, or in leading journals such as Time magazine, frequently relied on Millspaugh’s accounts as a principal source. In 1942 Millspaugh headed another financial mission, this time clearly connected with the U. S. State Department. His mission was hampered again by internal political rivalries in Iran, the entrenched vested interests of the Iranian political elite, and frequent cabinet reshuffles in Tehran with seesawing political orientations. The financial mission under Millspaugh’s supervision again became a source of irritation between Tehran and Washington and had to be terminated in 1945. In 1946, his second book on Iran, Americans in Persia, was published by the policy think-tank Brookings Institution. Replete with “clinical” metaphors, and speaking from experience from his days working for the Shah's government, Millspaugh this time was more pessimistic and critical of Iranians, portraying them as incapable of self-government: "Persia cannot be left to herself, even if the Russians were to keep their hands off politically....Persia has never yet proved its capacity for independent self-government."
