Bhattacharya joined SBI in September 1977. She is the first woman to lead an India-based Fortune India 500 company. Initially, she joined SBI in 1977 as a Probationary Officer at the age of 22 years. She has held several positions during her 36-year career with the bank including working in foreign exchange, treasury, retail operations, human resources and investment banking. This included positions like the chief executive of the bank's merchant banking arm- State Bank of IndiaCapital Markets; chief general manager in charge of new projects. She has also served at the bank's New York office. She has been involved with the launch of several new businesses such as SBI General Insurance, SBI Custodial Services, SBI Pension Funds Pvt. Ltd. and the SBI Macquarie Infrastructure Fund. She succeeded Pratip Chaudhuri, as Chairman, who retired 30 Sep. 2013 She introduced a two-year sabbatical leave policy for the bank's female employees to use either for maternity or elder care. On Women's day, she announced free vaccination against cervical cancer to all the bank's female employees. In 2016, she was named the 25th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes, which was her first time being ranked on the list. In the same year, she was ranked among the FP Top 100 Global Thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine She was named the 4th most powerful woman in Asia Pacific by Fortune. In 2017, India Today magazine ranked her at 19th in India's 50 Most powerful people of 2017 list. She was due for retirement in October 2016, but was granted an extension till October 2017, allegedly for the controversial merger of the SBI’s five associate banks and Bharatiya Mahila Bank, in the wake of gross non-performing assets mounting to 73 percent; the present government justifying the move through Banks Board Bureau, who consolidated her extension. In 2018 she was named Business Leader of the Year at The Asian Awards. Arundhati Bhattacharya has joined as additional director, 'independent director' of Reliance Industries for five years commencing October 17, 2018. In 2020 she was hired as the chairperson and chief executive for the India division of Salesforce, the global giant in CRM. She is also currently chairman of SWIFT India, part of a global payments network. Bhattacharya rendered her resignation as an independent director of CRISIL effective April 15. She cited her joining Salesforce India as chairperson and CEO effective April 20 as the reason for the resignation. Bhattacharya would report to Ulrik Nehammer, General Manager APAC. Currently she is working as Non-Executive Director with Reliance Industries limited.