Assembly of the Union
The Assembly of the Union is the national-level bicameral legislature of Myanmar established by the 2008 National Constitution. The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw is made up of two houses, the Amyotha Hluttaw, a 224-seat upper house as well as the Pyithu Hluttaw, a 440-seat lower house.
Each of the fourteen major administrative regions and states has its own local Hluttaw: Region Hluttaw or State Hluttaw.
The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw is housed in a 31-building parliamentary complex. It is believed to represent the 31 planes of existence in Buddhist cosmology, located in Zeya Theddhi Ward of Naypyidaw.
Members of the second Pyidaungsu Hluttaw were elected in the 8 November 2015 general election. On 16 March 2012, parliamentarians made the decision for the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw to re-join the IPU.
History
Pre-colonial era
The hluttaw historically refers to the council of ministers in the king's court in pre-colonial Burma. Hluttaw's origins trace back to the Pagan era when King Htilominlo created a privy council of senior ministers to manage the day-to-day affairs of the government.During the Konbaung dynasty, the hluttaw was the centre of government and the kingdom's national administrative body, divided into three branches, namely fiscal, executive, and judicial The Byedaik acted as the Privy Council, maintaining the inner affairs of the royal court, whereas the Hluttaw managed the kingdom's government. The Hluttaw, as tradition, also had the duty of selecting the heir-apparent, whenever the incumbent king did not select one.
In the Konbaung dynasty, the Hluttaw was in session for 6 hours daily, from 6 to 9 am, and from noon to 3 pm, attended by ministers, ministers of third rank, and head clerks, as well as interior ministers, who sat in the Byedaik. It was tradition for the king to appoint four ministers, four interior ministers and four officers.
British Burma
On 2 January 1923, with the enactment of the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms, Burma became a Governor's Province with a partially elected legislative council, the Legislative Council of Burma, consisting of 103 seats, with 80 filled by election.The 1935 Government of Burma Act established the Legislature of Burma. During this period, the colonial Legislature consisted of two chambers, the 36-seat Senate and the 132-seat House of Representatives.
Union of Burma
From 1947 to 1962, under the 1947 Constitution, Burma's legislature, called the Union Parliament, consisted of two chambers, the 125-seat Lumyozu Hluttaw and the 250-seat Pyithu Hluttaw;, whose seat numbers were determined by the population size of respective constituencies.Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
From 1962 to 1974, there was no functional hluttaw in existence, as the ruling government was the socialist Union Revolutionary Council.From 1974 to 1988, under the 1974 Constitution, Burma's legislative branch was a one-party rubber stamp legislature consisting of a unicameral chamber, the Pyithu Hluttaw, represented by members of the Burma Socialist Programme Party. Each term was four years.
Union of Myanmar
Between 1988 and 2011, there was no functional hluttaw, as the ruling government was the State Peace and Development Council.Composition
The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw is a bicameral body made up of a 440-seat House of Representatives and the 224-seat House of Nationalities. The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw consists of 664 members total. 75% of MPs are directly elected by voters, while the remaining 25% are military personnel appointed by the Defence Services' Commander-in-Chief. This policy is similar to Indonesia's New Order model, which guaranteed a number of parliamentary seats to military appointees.Amyotha Hluttaw
The Amyotha Hluttaw is the upper house of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, with 12 seats accorded to each Region or State for a total of 168 directly elected seats. Of the 224 seats in the house, the remaining 56 are military appointees nominated by the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Services.Pyithu Hluttaw
The Pyithu Hluttaw is the lower house of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, with seats accorded to each of the 330 townships in the country. Of the 440 seats in this body, 330 are directly elected and 110 are military appointees nominated by the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Services.Elections
are held under universal suffrage for all Burmese citizens above the age of 18 and on a given constituency's roll of eligible voters. Voters are constitutionally guaranteed the right to vote via secret ballot. However, members of religious orders, prisoners, mentally unsound persons, and indebted persons are not allowed to vote for members of Parliament. Voting is not compulsory. Burmese elections practise the First-past-the-post voting system, in which the candidate who receives the highest number of votes is elected.In the 2010 election, state media reported a voter turnout of 77.26%. Advance voting was also widely practised, with military personnel and their family members, as well as civil servants, police force personnel and other state employees instructed to vote in advance. This was in violation of the 2010 electoral laws, which only allow advance voting for eligible voters who are away from their constituencies as well as overseas Burmese citizens. In some constituencies, up to 95% of cast ballots were done in advance. An estimated 10% of votes were cast in advance. There were also reports of multiple voter fraud, voter manipulation, ghost voting and coerced voting, in which individuals were pressured to vote for Union Solidarity and Development Party candidates by officials.
Term
The two houses of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw are simultaneously elected, with members of parliament serving five year terms. Ministerial nominees, who are selected from the pool of elected MPs, vacate their parliamentary seats. By-elections, determined by the Union Election Commission, are held to elect these vacant seats.The first regular session of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw must be convened within 15 days of the commencement of the Pyithu Hluttaw's first session. At least one regular session must be held per year, and subsequent sessions must be held within 12 months of each other. Special or emergency sessions can be convened by the President. Parliamentary sessions are only valid if 25% or more MPs are present.
The first session of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw was held from January to March 2011, while the second was held from 22 August 2011 to. Journalists were not allowed to attend the first session. However, the Ministry of Information announced on 12 August 2011 that they would be permitted to attend the second session.