August 1912

[August 1], 1912 (Thursday)

• Alfred A. Cunningham of the United States Marine Corps made his first solo flight, after 2 hours and 40 minutes of instruction, of an airplane, becoming the first U.S. Marine pilot.
• The Yuaikai, later called the Nihon Rōdō Sodomei or Japan Federation of Labor, was founded by Bunji Suzuki. At its peak, it would have 100,000 workers in its ranks.
• A train accident at Rio de Janeiro killed 10 and injured 50.
• The Progressive Party announced that it would not allow African-Americans from Southern states to be delegates at its organizing convention in Chicago, with the approval of former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt emphasized that from Northern states, "there would be a number of negro delegates; more, in fact, than ever before figured in a National convention".
• Born: Frank K. Edmondson, American astronomer, established the Indiana Asteroid Program, in Milwaukee

  [August 2], 1912 (Friday)

• The throwing of a bomb in the Ottoman Empire city of Kotschana, led to a riot by the residents there, with 140 killed by Turkish soldiers who suppressed it. Eleven people were killed when a bomb went off in the town square, followed a few minutes later by another fatal attack.
• The United States Senate voted 51–4 to extend the Monroe Doctrine to protect the Americas from foreign corporations.
• Tibetans were routed by Chinese soldiers at Lhasa.
• The gunboat USS Tacoma was ordered to proceed from Guantánamo to Bluefields, Nicaragua.

  [August 3], 1912 (Saturday)

• "Baby Seals Blues" was published in the form of sheet music; according to historian Rudi Blesh, the song by Arthur "Baby" Seales was the first blues song to use the word "blues" in its title, with "Dallas Blues" appearing the next month on September 28, while other sources describe "Dallas Blues" as having been introduced in March 1912.
• An attack by soldiers of Montenegro, against a Turkish border post, killed 30 Turks and 12 Montenegrins.

  [August 4], 1912 (Sunday)

• One hundred U.S. Marines and Navy men arrived on the USS Annapolis landed at Corinto in Nicaragua to protect American interests, while the USS Tacoma arrived at Bluefields on Tuesday. The forces assisted in the defeat, on September 24, of the rebel forces led by General Luis Mena.
• Turkey's Senate voted to give the sultan power to dissolve parliament, after which it was dissolved with a vote of no confidence.
• Mount Etna erupted in Sicily.
• Nine members of an English boy scout troop, between the ages of 11 and 14, drowned along with their scoutmaster, when their boat capsized in the sea near the Isle of Sheppey, off the coast of the county of Kent. The deaths of the scouts were mourned as a national tragedy, and then First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill had the destroyer HMS Fervent bring their flag-draped coffins to London for the funeral.
• Born:
• * Raoul Wallenberg, Swedish diplomat, credited for rescuing tens of thousands of Hungarian Jews during The Holocaust, before being taken captive by the Soviets during the Siege of Budapest, in Lidingö Municipality, Sweden
• * Jandhyala Papayya Sastry, Indian poet, known for works including Pushpa Vilapam and Kunthi Kumari, in Kopparu, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India
• * Virgilio Piñera, Cuban writer, known for his short story collection Cold Tales and novels such as René's Flesh and Pressures and Diamonds, in Cárdenas, Cuba
• * Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov, Soviet mathematician, known for his theorems including the Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem, in Volyn, Ryazan Oblast, Russia

  [August 5], 1912 (Monday)

• In Chicago, the Progressive Party, nicknamed the "Bull Moose" Party to rival the Republican elephant and Democrat donkey, called itself to order as its founding convention opened at noon.

  [August 6], 1912 (Tuesday)

• Theodore Roosevelt announced his 1912 platform at the Chicago convention of the Progressive Party.
• U.S. President William Howard Taft asked United States Congress to fix maximum tolls for the Panama Canal.
• The Manistee Watch Company sold off all of its property, assets and machinery at auction following its closure in Manistee, Michigan. It had produced some 60,000 pocket watches in its three-year existence.

  [August 7], 1912 (Wednesday)

• Physicist Victor Francis Hess of the Institute for Radium Research in Vienna, became the first person to discover cosmic rays. Hoping to build upon the research of Theodor Wulf, who had found that radioactive emission from Earth decreased measurably at higher altitudes, Hess sought to measure the decrease by venturing to greater heights in a balloon. On his seventh flight, he lifted off with a pilot and a meteorologist from Aussig. To his surprise, the electroscopes on his balloon began measuring an increase in radiation at 5,350 feet, after a steady decrease during the ascent, and at 15,000 feet the amount doubled, showing that penetrating radiation was entering the atmosphere from a source other than the Sun. Hess called the rays Höhenstrahlung, or radiation from above.
• The Progressive Party nominated Theodore Roosevelt as its candidate for President of the United States and California Governor Hiram Johnson for vice-president.
• Three employees of the Union American Cigar Company at 28th and Smallman in Pittsburgh were killed, and 12 seriously injured, after a 24-ton water tank fell through the roof and the sixth floor, then into the fifth.
• Woodrow Wilson accepted the Democratic nomination for president, which had offered the previous month at the convention in Baltimore. The New Jersey Governor spoke at his home in Sea Girt, New Jersey, before a group of other Democrats who were state governors, and a crowd of 6,000 supporters. New technology was used to capture the moment on phonographic records and films, so that American voters could see and hear the candidate.
• Died: François-Alphonse Forel, 71, Swiss biologist, credited for the creation of limnology, the study of the ecology of freshwater lakes

  [August 8], 1912 (Thursday)

• A mine explosion in the village of Gerthe, near Bochum, Westphalia, Germany killed 103 men at the Lothringen Coal Company.
• Cincinnatus Leconte, President of Haiti, was killed in an accidental explosion at the presidential palace in Port-au-Prince. The President shared his residence with an arsenal of gunpowder in the basement, and the first blast occurred after an early morning fire had started. The legislature named General Tancrède Auguste as the new president that afternoon.
• Friederich Krupp AG, the Krupp family armaments company, celebrated its centennial with the Kaiser giving the address. Accompanying the Kaiser to the ceremony at Essen were the Chancellor and many of his cabinet, and Prince Henry.
• Pope Pius X issued an encyclical about of Peru.
• Died: Ross Winn, 40, American publisher, known for his work with the anarchist magazine Free Society

  [August 9], 1912 (Friday)

• An earthquake in Turkey near the Dardanelles killed thousands of people. There was a total destruction of the towns of Şarköy and Çorlu, and 300 dead in Mürefte and 80 in Ganos-Hora. Çorlu was consumed by fire, reportedly by a lantern being toppled by the quake.
• Kosovo Albanian rebel leaders presented a list of 14 demands to one of the viziers of the Ottoman Empire. The Turkish leadership would agree to most of the proposals.
• The Panama Canal bill passed the United States Senate 47–15.
• Born: Anne Brown, American opera singer, first singer to portray "Bess" in the opera Porgy and Bess, in Baltimore
• Died: Candida Maria of Jesus, 67, Spanish clergy, founder of the Hijas de Jesús, canonized at a saint in 2010

  [August 10], 1912 (Saturday)

• The Republic of China's provisional government enacted its election law, creating a lower house of parliament, and limiting voting rights to male citizens who were at least 21, had two years residency in their district, and met property and educational restrictions.
• English author Adeline Virginia Stephen married author Leonard Woolf to become Virginia Woolf.
• The Sharon Giants minor baseball team moved to Bridgeport, Ohio to finish off its final season with Ohio–Pennsylvania League, which broke apart afterward.
• Born: Jorge Amado, Brazilian writer, author of Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands, in Itabuna, Brazil

  [August 11], 1912 (Sunday)

• Major league baseball star Ty Cobb was in Detroit when he was jumped by three hoodlums while on his way to catch a train to Syracuse, New York, to appear for the Detroit Tigers in an exhibition game against the minor league Syracuse Stars, and cut on the back by a knife. He played the next day while wearing "a blood-soaked, makeshift bandage", and would later tell biographer Al Stump that he had beaten one of his attackers to death. However, lawyer and baseball fan Doug Roberts researched coroner records and press reports, and found no record of a body being found with head trauma during the summer of 1912, nor of mention in the Detroit newspapers, although Cobb was treated for a half inch long knife wound.
• An attack by Zapatista rebels on a train near Mexico City killed 35 soldiers and 20 civilians.
• Born:
• * Thanom Kittikachorn, Thai state leader, 10th Prime Minister of Thailand, in Mueang Tak District, Tak Province, Siam
• * Howard Lee Hale, American farmer and polio victim who survived longer than any other person in an iron lung, from 1944 until his death in 1976
• * Norman Levinson, American mathematician, known for his research field including number theory and differential equations, author of On the Non-Vanishing of a Function, in Lynn, Massachusetts

  [August 12], 1912 (Monday)

• Sultan Mulay Hafid, who signed the agreement to place Morocco under French control, abdicated his throne, in favor of his younger brother, Mulay Yusuf.
• An army of 15,000 Kosovar Albanians marched on the Üskub, at the time one of the European outposts of the Ottoman Empire, and expelled the Turkish administrators and Serbian residents there. Serbia sent troops in response, retaking the city and driving out the remaining Ottomans from North Macedonia after the Battle of Kumanovo on October 23.
• A military aviation branch was created for the Imperial Russian Army, beginning what would become the Soviet Air Forces.
• Keystone Studios was formed by filmmaker Mack Sennett, producing comedies, most notably those of the "Keystone Cops".
• A record seven convicts were put to death in the electric chair at Sing Sing, the New York penitentiary at Ossining, New York, in the space of a little more than an hour, with the first being executed at 5:09 am and the last at 6:14 am. Five were Italian-Americans who had burglarized a house at Griffin's Corners, New York in November, during which a sixth man, Santo Zanzara, had stabbed an occupant to death. Zanzara had been executed earlier, and the other five were put to death as accessories.
• Born:
• * Samuel Fuller, American film director and screenwriter, known for films including Shock Corridor, The Naked Kiss, and The Big Red One, in Worcester, Massachusetts
• * Rex Griffin, American country musician, known for hit country songs "Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby" and "The Last Letter", in Gadsden, Alabama

  [August 13], 1912 (Tuesday)

• The Radio Act was enacted, providing for all American radio broadcasters to be licensed by, and assigned a specific frequency, by the United States government.
• Zapatistas captured the city of Ixtapa, Mexico after killing 200 government troops.
• Born:
• * Ben Hogan, American golfer, fourth all-time PGA Tour winner, winner of nine major championships including the Masters, PGA, U.S. Open, and The Open Championship, in Stephenville, Texas
• * Salvador Luria, Italian-American microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research into bacteriophages, in Turin
• Died:
• * Jules Massenet, 70, French composer, best known for his operas Manon and Werther
• * Horace Howard Furness, 80, American literary critic, noted researcher into William Shakespeare

  [August 14], 1912 (Wednesday)

• The Khost Rebellion in Afghanistan was temporarily ended by concessions to the rebels.
• Born: John Jacob Astor VI, American business leader, heir to the Astor family fortune, in Miami Beach, Florida
• Died: Octavia Hill, 73, British activist, founder of the Charity Organization Society

  [August 15], 1912 (Thursday)

• Japan began its first taxicab service, with the founding of the Takushi jidosha kabushiki kaisha, serving the Ginza and train stations in Tokyo.
• Eduardo Schaerer was sworn into office as the 26th President of Paraguay and would serve a full four-year term.
• Born:
• * Julia Child, American chef and television personality, author of Mastering the Art of French Cooking, host of the 1960s cooking television show The French Chef, in Pasadena, California
• * Guido Morselli, Italian writer, author of Past Conditional, Roma senza papa and Dissipatio HG, in Bologna
• * Amir Khan, Indian singer, credited as founder of Indore gharana used in Indian classical music, in Indore, India
• Died: George Blewett, 38, Canadian philosopher, noted for works of ethics from a Christian perspective, author of The Metaphysical Basis of Preceptive Ethics, drowning while on a vacation

  [August 16], 1912 (Friday)

• Generals Hwang-hui and Chang Tsen-chu were arrested and summarily executed on charges of leading the Wuchang Uprising on October 9.
• Captain Stanley Lord of the SS Californian issued his statement to explain the ship's failure to come to the aid of the RMS Titanic. Lord said that the ship, which his Second Officer had seen firing a rocket, was not the Titanic because it steamed away; that Morse code signals from the Californian to the other ship were ignored; and that if the ship had been the Titanic, it would have been seen by the RMS Carpathia at the same time.
• George Basil Haddon-Smith was appointed Governor of the Bahamas.
• Theodore Roosevelt opened his campaign for the presidency, with an address at Providence, Rhode Island.
• At Berane, Montenegro, twelve Christian villages were attacked and the inhabitants massacred.
• Sixteen-year-old Virginia Christian was executed in Richmond, Virginia, for the March 18 murder of her employer, Mrs. Ida Belote in Hampton, despite pleas for clemency made to the state governor. Despite being a minor, the African-American girl, was described in reports as "the first woman to be put to death in the electric chair in Virginia."
• Born: Wendy Hiller, English actress, known for roles in Pygmalion and Major Barbara, recipient of the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Separate Tables, in Bramhall, England

  [August 17], 1912 (Saturday)

• Clarence Darrow, the famous American lawyer, was successful in winning another verdict of acquittal in a criminal trial—his own. Darrow had been charged with having attempted to bribe a juror in the Los Angeles Times bombing case.
• The United Kingdom, by its ambassador, Sir John Jordan, sent a message to the Republic of China, announcing that Britain would accept China's suzerainty over Tibet as long as Chinese troops remained out of the Buddhist state in the Himalayas. Britain's objective was to make Tibet a buffer state between China and British India.

  [August 18], 1912 (Sunday)

• The Ottoman Empire granted autonomy to its Albanian minority. The Scutari Vilayet province, and its capital Tirana, would become independent as Albania after World War I.
• The New Martinsville Potters minor baseball team, formerly the East Liverpool Potters from Pennsylvania disbanded, one of some 40 baseball teams that dissolved when the Ohio–Pennsylvania League broke apart later that year.
• Born:
• * Otto Ernst Remer, German army officer, known to have foiled the 20 July plot to overthrow Adolf Hitler, co-founder of the Socialist Reich Party in West Germany, in Neubrandenburg, Germany
• * Elsa Morante, Italian writer, author of History, in Rome
• * Josephine Barnes, English physician, first woman to be president of the British Medical Association, in Sheringham, England
• * Ertuğrul Osman, Turkish noble, pretender to the throne of the Ottoman Empire, 43rd head of the House of Osman, from 1994 to 2009

  [August 19], 1912 (Monday)

• Guillermo Billinghurst was elected President of Peru.
• Grand Vizier Ibrahim Hakki Pasha gave Albanian rebels at Uskub fourteen hours to surrender.

  [August 20], 1912 (Tuesday)

• The Plant Quarantine Act was signed into law, giving the U.S. government the power to regulate the importation and interstate shipment of plant products that might carry with them insects and diseases. The law was effective in curtailing the spread of the gypsy moth beyond the New England area, where the population of the pest had increased over the previous seven years.
• Lieutenant Charles Becker of the New York City Police Department was indicted by a grand jury for the killing of Herman Rosenthal.
• Ahmed al-Hiba, pretender to the Moroccan throne seized control of Marrakesh, Morocco, and took nine Frenchmen as hostages, including Vice-Consul Jacques Malgret.
• Forty Chinese pirates seized control of the British held island of Cheung Chau, near Hong Kong.
• At Salonika, Grand Vizier Ibrahim Hakki Pasha met with Albanian rebel representative Isa Boletini, ending the rebellion at Pristina.
• Born: Philip Kapleau, American educator, noted instructor of Zen Buddhism in the United States, in New Haven, Connecticut
• Died:
• * William Booth, 83, British religious leader, founder of The Salvation Army
• * Walter Goodman, 74, British painter, known for works including The Printseller's Window and The Keeleys on Stage and at Home

  [August 21], 1912 (Wednesday)

• The U.S. Marines landed at Bluefields, Nicaragua.
• Tibet and China agreed to a ceasefire at Lhasa.
• The Prime Minister of Montenegro and his cabinet resigned.
• Born: Robert L. Fish, American mystery writer, co-author of The Assassination Bureau, Ltd and Mute Witness, which inspired the Steve McQueen crime film Bullitt, in Cleveland

  [August 22], 1912 (Thursday)

• Colonel Charles Mangin and the French Army defeated Moroccan rebel Ahmed al-Hiba at Marrakesh, Morocco. Two weeks later, al-Hiba and his men would be defeated in a second battle.

  [August 23], 1912 (Friday)

• Four-year-old Bobby Dunbar disappeared while his parents were on a fishing trip to a lake near their home in Opelousas, Louisiana. After an eight-month search by Bobby's father, police in Mississippi would announce that they had found the child under the care of handyman William Cantwell Walters, who said that he had been entrusted to take care of Bruce Anderson by Bruce's mother. In a dispute between the Dunbars and Mrs. Anderson, a court would award the boy to the Dunbars, while Walters would be convicted of kidnapping Bobby and serve two years before the verdict was reversed. In 2004, a DNA test would show that Walters had been right and that the child returned to the Dunbars had not been Bobby. It was presumed that the child raised by the Dunbars had been Bruce Anderson, who lived until 1966, and that Bobby Dunbar had died more than 91 years earlier.
• The Pure Food and Drug Act was amended to prohibit drug manufacturers from making false claims on the labels of medication.
• Sir Hugh Clifford was appointed Governor of the Gold Coast.
• Bandar Abbas in Persia was attacked by rebels.
• Born:
• * Gene Kelly, American actor and dancer, best known for his film musicals An American in Paris and Singin' in the Rain, in Pittsburgh
• * Nelson Rodrigues, Brazilian playwright, known for plays including The Wedding Dress, in Recife, Brazil

  [August 24], 1912 (Saturday)

• The Panama Canal bill was signed into law, providing that, on the opening of the Canal in 1914, "no tolls shall be levied upon vessels engaged in the coastwise trade of the United States". The discrimination in favor of American vessels would be repealed on June 15, 1914.
• The Lloyd–La Follette Act was passed, amending the U.S. Post Office Appropriations Act by prohibiting federal employees from being removed except for inefficiency, and not without written notice or a right to appeal.
• Alaska was made a U.S. territory by passage of the Second Organic Act, and given limited self-government. The U.S. government still controlled Alaska's natural resources. Although an elected Territorial Legislature was created, it could not pass any laws related to fishing, wildlife, soil, divorce, gambling or liquor.
• The collier USS Jupiter, first electrically propelled ship in the United States Navy, was launched. In 1922, after being decommissioned and refurbished, it would be commissioned as the first American aircraft carrier, the USS Langley.
• Serbians were massacred at Sjenica by Turkish troops in what is now Serbia.
• A native uprising at East Timor was put down by Portuguese troops.
• Born: Essie Summers, New Zealand romance writer, author of close to 60 novels, in Christchurch

  [August 25], 1912 (Sunday)

• The Kuomintang political party, also referred to as the Nationalist Chinese Party was founded in China by former President Sun Yat-sen and other core members of the secret societ Tongmenghui. Under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, the Kuomintang would be the ruling political party of mainland China until 1949, and of Taiwan since then.
• Italian Army Aviation Corps Lieutenant Piero Manzini became the first pilot to die in warfare. As part of the Italo-Turkish War, Manzini had taken off on a reconnaissance mission, when his plane's engine failed, causing him to crash into the Mediterranean Sea.
• Japanese Government Railways extended the Echigo Line in the Niigata Prefecture, Japan, with stations Yoshida, Wanō, Maki, and Sone, and Uchino serving the line.
• The once-prosperous copper-mining town of Eholt, British Columbia, suffered a fire that destroyed most of its business district. The Canadian Pacific Railway then moved its facilities to another location, and when the town's post office closed in 1949, there were only 17 residents left. The area is now a ghost town.
• Born:
• * Erich Honecker, German state leader, second General Secretary of the Central Committee of East Germany, in Neunkirchen, Germany
• * Ted Key, American cartoonist, creator of the comic panel Hazel, in Fresno, California

  [August 26], 1912 (Monday)

• Walter Johnson, pitcher for the Washington Senators, was credited with a loss after coming in as a relief pitcher in a 4–3 defeat by the St. Louis Browns, ending his streak of consecutive games won at 16. Under modern rules, the loss would have listed as a failed save; however, Johnson's streak would still have been ended at 16 because he lost his next start in a game against the Philadelphia Athletics.
• Feng Ru, 30, Chinese-American engineer and pilot dubbed the "Pioneer of Chinese Aviation", died in a crash during a demonstration flight of the first airplane manufactured in China.
• Born: Pen Tennyson, British film director, former assistant film director to Alfred Hitchcock, known for films There Ain't No Justice, The Proud Valley and Convoy, in Chelsea, London, England
• Died: José María Velasco Gómez, 72, Mexican painter, known for works including Valle de Mexico desde el cerro de Atraeualco and Rocas del cerro de Atzacoalco

  [August 27], 1912 (Tuesday)

• The structure for the new Parliament of the Republic of China was set up by regulations issued by President Yuan Shikai. The new, bicameral legislature consisted of 596 representatives and 274 Senators.
• The recently deceased Japanese Emperor Mutsuhito was, posthumously, proclaimed the Emperor Meiji.
• Born: Gloria Guinness, Mexican-English fashion editor, noted contributor of Harper's Bazaar, as Gloria Rubio y Altorre, in Guadalajara

  [August 28], 1912 (Wednesday)

• Russian explorer Georgy Brusilov began a disastrous expedition to find the Northern Sea Route, setting out from Arkhangelsk in late summer on the ship Svyataya Anna, with a crew of 24. The ship would become trapped in the Arctic ice as it went north, then remained trapped through all of 1913. Only two crewmen, Valerian Albanov and Alexander Konrad, survived, by leaving the ship and heading south. The ship and its crew were missing without a trace for almost 98 years, but in July 2010, explorers found the crew's remains and pages from a sailor's log.
• Born: Tarzán López, Mexican wrestler, held that Mexican national championship as a welterweight lucha libre from 1936 to 1939, and four American world middleweight titles between 1940 and 1952, in Jerez de García Salinas, Mexico

  [August 29], 1912 (Thursday)

• Flooding in Wenchuan County, China began, ultimately reportedly killing 30,000 people.
• Claims made by entrepreneur Clarence Cunningham to the coal fields of the U.S. territory of Alaska were cancelled by the U.S. Department of the Interior.
• Born: Wolfgang Suschitzky, Austrian cinematographer, known for his collaborations with British filmmaker Paul Rotha and Mike Hodges, in Vienna
• Died: Robert Reed Church, 72, African-American entrepreneur, founder of Solvent Savings Bank and Trust

  [August 30], 1912 (Friday)

• Rebel Mexican General José Inés Salazar began a campaign of forcing American residents to leave Mexico, ordering the residents of the American Mormon settlement in Colonia Morelos, in the State of Sonora, to leave the country within two weeks. Mexican forces would destroy the American settlements on September 12.
• Born:
• * Edward Mills Purcell, American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics for using a nuclear magnetic resonance for research into molecules, in Taylorville, Illinois
• * Howard Wilson Emmons, American engineer, developer of fire protection engineering, in Morristown, New Jersey
• * Nancy Wake, New Zealand Special Operations Executive agent, member of the Pat O'Leary Line during World War II, recipient of the Order of Australia, Legion of Honour, and Croix de Guerre, in Wellington

  [August 31], 1912 (Saturday)

• General Leónidas Plaza was inaugurated for a four-year term as the 24th President of Ecuador. President Plaza had previously served from 1901 to 1905.
• Born: Katsumi Tezuka, Japanese actor, portrayed Godzilla in Godzilla and Rodan