Autohaemorrhaging, or reflex bleeding, is the action of animals deliberately ejecting blood from their bodies. Autohaemorrhaging has been observed as occurring in two variations. In the first form, blood is squirted toward a predator. The blood of these animals usually contains toxic compounds, making the behaviour an effective chemicaldefence mechanism. In the second form, blood is not squirted, but is slowly emitted from the animal's body. This form appears to serve a deterrent effect, and is used by animals whose blood does not seem to be toxic. Most animals that autohaemorrhage are insects, but some reptiles also display this behaviour. Some organisms have shown an ability to tailor their autohaemorrhaging response. Armoured crickets will projectile autohaemorrhage over longer distances when attacked from the side, compared to being attacked from an overhead predator.
Insects
Five orders of insects have been observed to utilize this defence mechanism.
Beetles
*Meloidae – their haemolymph contains cantharidin that they sequester from plants on which they feed.
*Timarcha species
*Chrysomelidae – their haemolymph contains anthraquinones.
*Coccinellidae – An alkaloid toxin is exuded through the joints of the exoskeleton, triggered by mechanical stimulation.
Hemiptera
*Cercopidae – including spittlebugsProsapia bicincta and Prosapia ignipectus
Hymenoptera
*Sawfly larvae
Orthoptera
*Bushhoppers, such as Dictyophorus spumans, Phymateus viridipes and Phymateus leprosus – their haemolymph contains cardiac glycosides, sequestered from milkweed on which they feed.
*Katydids, including Eugaster species
*Armoured ground crickets
*Enyaliopsis nyala
Plecoptera
*Stonefly larvae
Reptiles
Lizards
Horned lizards. At least eight species of horned lizards are able to squirt an aimed stream of blood from the corners of their eyes, up to 5 feet.
In some cases, the loss of blood can be substantial. Beetles may lose up to 13% of their net body weight as a consequence of expelling haemolymph. Autohaemorrhaging may result in dehydration. The ejection of blood puts organisms at risk of cannibalism from conspecifics.
