Auxiliary Pilot Badge
The Glider Pilot, Liaison Pilot, and Service Pilot badges were qualification badges of the United States Army Air Forces issued during the years of World War II to identify a rating in one of three specialized, limited-duty pilot categories whose selection and training differed from that of the traditional military pilot.
The badges denoting these respective ratings were similar to the standard USAAF Pilot Badge with one of three upper-case letters superimposed upon the badge's shield denoting the wearer's rating: G, L, or S.
The individual awarded these ratings were selected on the basis of civil flying experience and pilot certificates gained prior to their induction into the U.S. Army. Further training tended to be focused within a narrowly defined set of missions for which their previously acquired skills and experience were considered directly applicable. In addition, less restrictive medical standards and broader age limits applied at initial entry.
US Army Air Forces Flying Medical Classes Compared
In contrast to the Aviation Cadet Training Program, medical standards for initial entry into the Glider Pilot, Liaison Pilot or Service Pilot ratings were less restrictive. As opposed to the USAAF Class I medical examination required of all prospective Aviation Cadets, prospective Glider and Liaison Pilots meeting only USAAF Class II standards were allowed into those respective training programs, while the still less restrictive Class III standards were permitted for entrants into the Service Pilot rating.The most significant difference in standards between each medical class was visual acuity :
- Class I. Distant and near: 20/20 or better uncorrected. Applied to applicants for the Aviation Cadet Training Program only.
- Class II. Distant and near: 20/40 uncorrected, correctable with spectacles to 20/20 or better. Applied to rated Pilots with less than 1500 hours flying time, Navigators, Bombardiers, Liaison Pilots and Glider Pilots.
- Class III. Distant: 20/100 uncorrected, correctable with spectacles to 20/20 or better. Near: correctable to 20/20 or better. Applied to Senior Pilots, Command Pilots, Service Pilots and Senior Service Pilots, Flight Surgeons, Technical Observers, and most Aircrew Member ratings.
N.B.: USAAF medical examination Classes I, II and III differed significantly in purpose and scope from those in use within military and civil aviation today, and do not directly correspond to any current USAF, US Army or FAA standard titled under the same or similar terminology. This information is for historical reference only.
Age Limits
Age restrictions were also more lenient in the case of applicants for these ratings. For comparison :- Aviation Cadet: 18 to 26 years
- Glider Pilot: 18 to 35 years
- Liaison Pilot: 18 to 35 years
- Service Pilot: 18 to 45 years
Glider Pilot
The success of German glider-borne forces early in World War II catapulted the Army Air Forces into a glider program in February 1941. In December 1941, plans called for training 1,000 AAF glider pilots, but eventually about 5,500 received their wings. Most Glider Pilots came from the enlisted ranks — all were volunteers. Junior enlisted personnel trained in the pay grade of Sergeant during training, while NCOs and above trained in-grade. Upon graduation, Sergeants and below would be promoted to Staff Sergeant, whereas those already in the grade of Staff Sergeant or higher retained their current grade. After Nov. 21, 1942, all enlisted graduates were appointed as Flight Officers — equal to the then existing rank of Warrant Officer Junior Grade — upon completing Advanced Glider Training.
Initially, applicants for Glider Pilot training had to meet the following requirements:
- Age 18 to 35 years
- Pass AAF Class I or II flying medical examination
- Score at least 110 on the Army AGCT Test, or at least 65 on the Aviation Cadet Mental Screening Test
- Have prior flying experience meeting one or more of the following criteria:
- * Hold a currently effective civilian airman certificate in the grade of private pilot or higher, or
- * Held a lapsed airman certificate, provided that such certificate did not lapse prior to 1 January 1941, or
- * Completed 200 or more previous glider flights, or
- * Previously eliminated from military or naval pilot training, provided at least 50 hours had been logged as principal pilot and/or as student pilot on military or naval aircraft.
Glider Pilot Training
April 1941 to June 1942The USAAF's Glider Pilot Training Program was in its embryonic stage. Several experimental courses were conducted during this period, using two-place sailplanes acquired commercially. Extensive use was made of civilian instructors, and of facilities and aircraft at civilian soaring clubs and flight schools. The sailplanes used were optimized for long-duration, unpowered soaring flight however, and did not adequately simulate the flight characteristics of the cargo gliders under development. This resulted in several significant changes to the training program effective 15 June 1942.
15 June 1942 to 13 September 1942
Glider Pilot Training was divided into two principal stages: Preliminary and a combined Elementary-Advanced stage. For Class A students, Preliminary lasted four weeks and included 30 hours of dual and solo training on liaison aircraft, with particular emphasis on steep gliding descents, approaches and precision landings without power.
Class B students underwent a somewhat longer Preliminary phase, itself divided into two further phases: Phase I, of five weeks' duration and consisting of 40 hours dual and solo flying on primary trainer or liaison aircraft, emphasizing basic aircraft handling, and Phase II, a further two weeks and 15 hours of flight time emphasizing "dead-stick" landings.
Training for Class A and Class B students merged at the beginning of the Elementary-Advanced stage, consisting of one week and eight flight hours on two- or three-place training gliders — typically Aeronca TG-5 and similar aircraft — followed by another week and a further eight hours on Waco CG-4 cargo gliders. Total training time was typically 46 flight hours for Class A students and 71 flight hours for Class B students.
14 September 1942 to 26 February 1943
The Glider Pilot training syllabus followed a progression of Preliminary, Elementary, Basic and Advanced phases, with Class A and Class B students training together under a common syllabus from the commencement of the Elementary phase. Preliminary was attended only by the Class B students, was four weeks in duration and included 30 hours dual and solo flying much the same as earlier classes. Elementary was also four weeks long, with a further 30 hours on the same trainers as flown in the Preliminary phase, but with emphasis on "dead-stick" landings. A Basic phase was introduced after Elementary, lasted another four weeks and included 30 hours on TG-5, TG-6 and/or TG-8 training gliders. The Advanced phase until 21 December 1942 was a four-week period of training, with a further 15 flying hours on training gliders mastering low-approach and "blitz" landings. Beginning 21 December 1942, this phase was reduced to two weeks in length and consisted of eight flying hours on CG-4 cargo gliders.
Glider Pilot Duties
Glider Pilots deployed under USAAF's Troop Carrier Command, and were tasked to deliver personnel and cargo deep into enemy-held territory aboard cargo gliders designed especially for that purpose. Gliders such as the U.S.-built Waco CG-4 or the British-designed Airspeed Horsa AS.51/58 were towed to their destinations by multi-engine cargo transports — most commonly the C-47 — then released directly overhead of their landing zones. Glider Pilots would execute a steep, rapid descent from the moment of tow release, arresting their descent rate and airspeed only in the final seconds prior to touchdown. Ingress on-tow into enemy airspace was typically executed at less than 1000 feet above ground level, often at night and/or in marginal weather, and frequently under severe enemy small-arms and anti-aircraft artillery fire. Wake turbulence generated by the tow-planes' wingtips and propellers coupled with low-level atmospheric turbulence typically resulted in an extremely rough ride, and many of the glider-borne troops suffered airsickness.Commissioned officers holding the Glider Pilot rating were eligible to command flying units equipped with gliders only. Effective 4 February 1943, rated Glider Pilots were authorized to pilot liaison aircraft of 180 horsepower or less and to perform the same duties as Liaison Pilots.
Notable former Glider Pilots
- John L. "Jackie" Coogan, actor. Assistant Operations Officer for Glider Ground Operations, 1st Air Commando Group
Liaison Pilot
Liaison Pilot Training
Applicants for Liaison Pilot duty were drawn from the following sources:- Washouts from the Basic and Advanced phases of pilot training under the Aviation Cadet Training Program or Aviation Cadet Training Program. In similar manner to the Glider Pilots, applicants in this category were required to have passed Primary phase and have logged at least 50 hours of student pilot time on military or naval aircraft. Individuals who had finished Primary but washed out from a later phase were often given the option to transition to the Liaison Pilot or Glider Pilot rating, depending upon needs of the service, hence both were often considered "second chance" ratings.
- The Field Artillery School, Fort Sill, Oklahoma. These were typically Field Artillery officers who had already been trained as forward observers. Those not possessing a private pilot rating acquired in civil life or 50 hours of previous military or civilian pilot experience were given an elementary course of some 40 to 60 hours on L- or PT-series aircraft before progressing to mission-specific Liaison Pilot training.
- Graduates of the Civilian Pilot Training Program. This course was considered to be equivalent in depth and scope to Elementary or Primary Flying Training under the USAAF and US Navy programs.
- Direct assignment of USAAF personnel currently rated as Pilots. This appears to have been a less commonplace source, and anecdotal indications from the relevant literature suggest they had usually volunteered for this duty.
- Civilian pilot volunteers. A private pilot certificate and a minimum or 40 hours of flight time were required. Individuals falling short of the experience requirements demanded for the Service Pilot rating were often accepted as Liaison Pilots instead.
Liaison Pilot Duties
Liaison pilots flew light single-engine aircraft in direct support of Army Ground Forces units. Commissioned officers holding the Liaison Pilot Rating were eligible to command flying units equipped with liaison aircraft only.Effective 4 February 1943, rated Glider Pilots were authorized to pilot liaison aircraft of 180 horsepower or less and to perform the same duties as Liaison Pilots.
Notable former Liaison Pilots
- Charles "Bazooka Charlie" Carpenter, history teacher, destroyed six German tanks from a Piper L-4
- Mayhew Foster, transported Hermann Göring from Germany to Austria for interrogation.
- Rush H. Limbaugh, Jr., father of broadcasting personality Rush H. Limbaugh III, commanded 25th Liaison Squadron
- Welton I. Taylor, African-American microbiologist, author of Two Steps to Glory
- John Thornton Walker, personal pilot for Gen. Mark W. Clark
Service Pilot
An image of the Service Pilot badge remains shown pending completion of new articles for all three ratings.
Postwar (1945-1947)
Following the close of World War II, these pilot badges fell into disuse and there were no further issuances. With the creation of the U.S. Air Force, these three aeronautical ratings became obsolete.Glider Pilot Legacy
The United States Air Force Academy Cadet Soaring Instructor Pilots wear the Glider Pilot wings in honor of the WWII Glider Pilots, by permission of the National WW2 Glider Pilots' Association and the Superintendent of the U.S. Air Force Academy.The following NASA astronauts have been inducted by the National WW2 Glider Pilots' Association as Honorary Members:
- Deke Slayton
- Fred W. Haise
- Joseph H. Engle
- C. Gordon Fullerton
- Richard H. Truly
- John W. Young
- Robert L. Crippen
The Civil Air Patrol awards a Glider Pilot Badge of its own — having a somewhat differing wing and escutcheon design while retaining the letter G — to its members who hold an FAA pilot certificate with a glider category rating and have passed a CAP/USAF mandated written and flight examination on gliders.