Banu Hud
The Banu Hud were an Arab dynasty that ruled the taifa of Zaragoza from 1039 until 1110 and then most of al-Andalus from 1228 until 1237.
In 1039, under the leadership of Al-Mustain I, Sulayman ibn Hud al-Judhami, the Bani Hud seized control of Zaragoza from a rival clan, the Banu Tujib. His heirs, particularly Ahmad I al-Muqtadir, Yusuf al-Mutamin, and Al-Mustain II, Ahmad ibn Yusuf, were patrons of culture and the arts. The Aljafería, the royal residence erected by Ahmad I, is practically the only palace from that period to have survived almost in its entirety.
Despite their independence, the Banu Hud were forced to recognize the superiority of the kingdom of Castile and pay parias to it as early as 1055. In 1086, they led the smaller kingdoms in their resistance to the Almoravids, who did not succeed in conquering Zaragoza until May 1110. The conquest represented the end of the dynasty. The last of the Banu Hud, Imad al-Dawl Abd al-Malik Al Hud, the last king of Zaragoza, forced to abandon his capital, allied himself with the Christian kingdom of Aragon under Alfonso the Battler, who in 1118 reconquered the city for the Christians and made it the capital of Aragon.
The last king's son, Zafadola, had some territorial authority before being killed by Christians during a battle.
Between 1228 and 1237, most of al-Andalus was reunited under Ibn Hud, who claimed descent from the Banu Hud.
