Basseri


The Basseri are a Persian nomadic and pastoral tribe of the Fars Province in Iran. They have formerly been part of the so-called Khamseh confederation which includes Persian- Turkic- and Arabic-speaking tribes. Their migratory area is around Shiraz. The "tent" is the basic unit of social organization among the Basseri. All tents have a recognized head that deals with the formal officers of the tribe, villagers, and other strangers. The Basseri economy stems mainly from sheep and goats.

Origin

Basseries are mostly Persians. Their origin is the "Pasargadean" tribe. The Pasargadean tribe was the biggest tribe of Persia and the tribe who helped Cyrus The Great constitute the Achaemenid Empire. They named "Karian" tribe in Sasanian Empire period. They were the rulers of some parts of south Persia and the Karyan city of Persia cause They helped Ardashir I constitute the Sasanian empire.
After Muslim conquest of Persia they were under rule of Arabic Tribes of South Persia, who migrated to Persia after its conquest, till the constitute of Zand Dynasty by Karim Khan. In Pahlavi Dynasty period they were settled by the government in 1930 and again started to decamp in 1941. After the Land Reformations of Iran, they were settled in the cities and the villages of Fars Province; but after some years, they again started decamping. After the Islamic Revolution of Iran because of the problems of being nomad including inaccessibility to modern facilities, successive droughts, destruction of the migration pathm they again went to cities and the villages of the province for living.

Etymology

The word "Basseri" was originally "Wastaryoshan", the commoners of Sasanian Empire period. A compound of "Wastary" and the "osh" suffix, the "W" phoneme in ”Wastary” was changed to "B" and the "T" phoneme was removed as it was easier to pronounce, therefore the word shifted to “Basseri”.

Religion

Basseries are Shia Muslims but minorities of Sunni Muslims exist within the tribe. They became Muslims after the Arabs invaded Iran in the 7th century CE. They converted to Shi'ism following the Safavid invasion in the 16th century CE. Previously, Basseries were Zoroastrians like the majority of Persians, before the arrival of Islam in the region.
The Basseries aren’t devout in their practice of Islam. Basseries prioritize life cycle ceremonies over core Islamic practices like Ramadan and Moharram.

Language

The Basseri speak a dialect of Persian in a variety that has maintained some Old Persian words not found in modern Persian. The majority know only the Basseri dialect, but a few also speak Turkish or Arabic.
Some words in Basseri dialect are similar to English words.
BasseriEnglishstandard Persianst. Persian transcription
WərWearپوشیدنPushidən
JongYoungجوانjəvan
PətyEmptyخالیXali
BəbeBabyعزیزمƏzizəm
BəbuBabyنوزادNowzad
KəpCapکلاهKolah
SolSoilخاکXak
SekəlSkeletenاستخوانOstoxan

Region

The Basseri habitat was originally Fars district; but big Basseri Communities are also in Khuzestan, Isfahan, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan and Tehran.

Migration

The winter land of the Basseri is in Jahrom and north of Larestan County. They stay in Marvdasht, Pasargad, and Eqlid in summers.

Tribe hierarchy

The chief of the Basseri tribe rules through coercive authority. The main functions of the chief are: to allocate pastures and coordinate the migration of the tribes, settle disputes that are brought to him, and represent the tribe or any of its members in politically important dealings with sedentary authorities. Most matters of law are governed by custom and compromise in the Basseri tribe and is regulated by diffuse sanctions. However the chief will serve as a mediator for cases that can not be solved through tradition because of the matters of the case. The chief is not bound by precedent or custom in his decision, and his decision will be based on what he feels is "best for the tribe".
The Darbar consist of Basseri tribe members who are closest with the chief and always migrate with him. Within the Darbar there is a personal valet, master of the stores, a groom for the chief's riding horse, a scribe, and a hunting/drinking companion.

Textile

All packing tools and rugs are locally made, woven by the women. Women's clothes are largely sewn from bought material, while male clothing is bought finished.
Basseri tribe rugs are asymmetrically knotted, brighter in colours, with more open space and smaller ornaments and figure with Orange as the specific color. The women of the tribe usually make the rugs.

Clans

The Basseri has two great sections called Waysi and Ali-mirzai. Each section has several clans. Some of the clans are not originally from the Basseri, but are emigrants from other tribes or cities.
The Basseri clans include:

Waysi

  • Jowchin
  • Kolombey
  • Labmusa
  • Abdoli
  • Farhadi
  • Ile Khas

    Ali-mirzai

  • Salehi
  • Karami
  • Ali-Ghanbari
  • Zohrabi
  • Ghughi
  • Mir

    Emigrants

  • Ali-Shahgholi
  • Algholi
  • Hanai
  • Korejey
  • Sarvestani
  • Tarbor
  • Charbonicheh