The Battle of Haengju took place on 14 March 1593 during the 1592–1598 Japanese invasion of Korea. Approximately 3,000 Korean defenders led by general Gwon Yul successfully repelled more than 10,000 Japanese soldiers. The Japanese attack failed to overcome Haengju fortress even though they made nine assaults on the fortress and outnumbered the defenders by more than ten to one. It is considered the greatest Korean victory during the seven years of war with the Siege of Jinju and the Battle of Hansan Island.
Background
During the third week of March 1593, a 30,000-strong Japanese army commanded by Ukita Hideie and Kato Kiyomasa was advancing toward the Haengju Fortress in order to occupy the Goyang country. The Japanese had been victorious in the previous Battle of Byeokjegwan, but their supplies were running out, due to Yi Sun-sin's role in preventing supply ships from landing on the western coasts of the Korean peninsula. Therefore, it was crucial for the Japanese forces to finish the siege quickly.
Kwon Yul's preparations
Meanwhile, Kwon Yul gathered about 2,300 men, including Jo Gyeong, Seon Geoi, and Heo Uk 's reinforcements, as well as Kim Cheon Il 's militia and Cheo Yeong 's monk soldiers, and left his base at Doksan, near Suwon. He later arrived at the Haengju, totaling 3,000 men. While called a mountain, it is more accurately termed a hill, being only 413 feet high above sea level. On arrival, Kwon Yul's army built field fortifications, consisting of high earthen walls reinforced by a wooden palisade. The construction took three days. Sufficient arms and supplies were stocked in the fortress, and around 40 hwachas were positioned on the fortress wall. The fortress of Haengju, a wooden stockade on a cliff over the Han River, posed a threat to Hanseong due to its proximity so the Japanese attacked it in March.
The attack
Ukita Hideie had been the victorious Japanese general at the Battle of Byeokjegwan. Confident of another victory at Haengju, he and Kato Kiyomasa marched 30,000 soldiers out of Hanseong hoping to quickly annihilate the Korean army of 2,300 in the fortress. Arriving at Haengju at dawn, Ukita divided his force into three groups and surrounded the fortress. Anecdotes suggesting a tactical reliance upon sheer numbers, Ukita and Kato dispensed with ordering the Japanese to attack by advancing up the slopes of Haengju. At 6:00 a.m on 14 March 1593, the Japanese led by Konishi Yukinaga launched their attack. As the Japanese soldiers fought to breach the earth and wooden walls of the palisade, the Koreans hurled boulders and tree trunks from their defensive positions, and fired arrows, arquebuses, mortars, and storms of explosive hwachas rocket-arrows into the massed ranks of the attackers. After three attacks, one with siege tower, and one where Ishida Mitsunari was wounded, Ukita Hideie managed to breach the outer defenses and reach the inner wall. However he was wounded as well and had to fall back. In the last attack Kobayakawa Takakage burned a hole through the fort's log pilings, but the Koreans managed to hold them back long enough for it to be repaired. When the Koreans had nearly run out of arrows, I Bun arrived with two supply ships containing 10,000 more arrows, and they continued to fight on until dusk when the Japanese retreated. And Tens of Cargo vessels passed river near them, Japanese mistaked it as Sunshin Yi's navy and had them retreat as well. After incurring massive casualties and failing to overrun the Korean position, Kato ordered a retreat. Ukita and Kato were both wounded, as well as Ishida Mitsunari, Maeno Nagayasu, and Kikkawa Hiroie. The Koreans inflicted more than 10,000 casualties on the attackers and recovered 727 spears and swords from the retreating Japanese. Historical anecdotes suggest an arrogance by the invading army and strong defensive preparation as contributing to the Japanese defeat. It should be noted the terrain and technological advantages of this period of Korean fortifications. The mountainous terrain and intervening sea would have made provisioning of Japanese siege weapons an arduous task. After the battle, Kwon Yul credited the role of the hwachas in the Korean victory. The Korean fortifications were situated atop a steep hill, and during this period the Japanese employed a preferred traditional dense troop deployment common to armies throughout the world. This made the Japanese ideal targets for the Korean hwachas, mortars and other large area defenses. Historically, Koreans credit and view Kwon Yul as a strong tactical leader who, with those under his command, maintained high morale during the defensive siege at the Battle of Haengju.
Aftermath
Aside from the defeat, the Japanese situation became even more tenuous after Zha Dashou led a small group of raiders to Hanseong, burning more than 6,500 tons of grain. This left the Japanese with less than a month of provisions. After several negotiations with Shen Weijing, the Japanese abandoned Hanseong on 17 May 1593. What Li Rusong and Song Yingchang witnessed upon entering the city was a people who "looked like ghosts." After the war, in 1602, King Seonjo erected a monument honoring General Kwon Yul and the fighters at Haengju fortress, but this monument was destroyed during the Korean War. From the 1960s to the mid-1990s, the Korean government constructed another memorial, now at Haengju fortress which is open to tourists. The site of the battle is still undeveloped and now has a memorial and an interpretive center.
