The Berne Gauge or Berne Convention Gauge is an informal but widely used term for the railway loading gauge considered the standard gauge in most of Europe. The term arises from the international railway conference held and consequent convention signed in Bern, Switzerland in 1912. The official name of this gauge is the Gabarit passe-partout international, and it came into force in 1914. The European loading gauge is usually wide by rising to in the centre. This is a clearance envelope on a curve of radius. Previously, international through traffic, particularly freight, had been effectively constrained to vehicles and loads consistent with the standard French loading gauge, the narrowest and lowest in Mainland Europe. As a result of accepting the convention, the French embarked on a period of progressive upgrade to make their network compliant.
Comparison
Even after adopting the convention, significant parts of the European network, such as Belgium and most Germanic countries, as well as Scandinavia, operated to larger gauges, thus restricting the interchange of traffic from those areas. Although the name "PPI" includes the characterisation as "international" it is actually the minimum standard just in Western Europe. The contiguous rail network in North America has a minimum width of 3250 mm and a minimum height of. The standard gauge rail network in Eastern Asia is built to a minimum width of, and the Chinese CHR2 as well as the Japanese 0 Series Shinkansen have a width of. Similarly the tracks in Sweden are built to 3400 mm just as the broad-gauge network under Russian influence. As such the Russian Velaro Sapsan and the Chinese Velaro CHR3 have widths of while the German variant Velaro ICE 3 is built to to fit in the PPI outline. Parts of the German network are built to accommodate wider trains from neighbouring countries. In a research project :de:ICE 4 |for ICE 4 a width of was tested but not pushed into production.
European freight network
The success of the intermodal shipping containers led to some adaptations to allow ISO containers with a height of or Hi-Cube containers with a height of to be carried by rail in Western Europe. In general the deck height of flatcars was reduced to 940 mm to allow for shipping containers to fit in the "GB" clearance in France. It was further modified so that for the minimum height of the exterior walls and the minimum height at the center a third height was added such that at a width of 2720 mm a minimum height of 4180 mm is ensured. This profile was dubbed "GB+" and has a roof that is almost flat. All modern freight tracks in Western Europe are built to this size, the modern replacement for the PPI minimum international loading gauge. In comparison the central European "GC" loading gauge allows the use traditional flatcars with a deck height of 1100 to 1300 mm to carry intermodal shipping containers. Trains with Hi-Cube containers can not pass from Germany into France.
