Black or White


"Black or White" is a single by American singer Michael Jackson. The song was released by Epic Records on November 11, 1991, as the first single from his eighth studio album, Dangerous. He co-wrote, composed, and produced it with Bill Bottrell. The song is a fusion of pop rock, dance and hip hop. Epic Records described the song as "a rock 'n' roll dance song about racial harmony".
"Black or White" peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on December 7, 1991, making it the fastest chart topper since the Beatles' "Get Back". It stayed there for a total of seven weeks. Jackson became the first artist to have number one hits in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s with the song. It is certified 2x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Around the world, "Black or White" hit number one in 20 countries, including the US, the UK, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Turkey, Zimbabwe, Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the Eurochart Hot 100. It was the best-selling single worldwide of 1992.
The music video for "Black or White" premiered on MTV, BET, VH1, and Fox, which gave them their highest Nielsen ratings ever at the time, as well as the BBC's Top of the Pops in the UK on November 14, 1991. The video was directed by John Landis, who previously directed Thriller. It was co-choreographed by Jackson and Vincent Paterson. It premiered simultaneously in 27 countries, with an audience of 500 million viewers, the most ever for a music video.
"Black or White" was honored with the first and only Billboard No. 1 World Single. The music video of the song appears on the video albums: , Video Greatest Hits – HIStory, Number Ones, and Michael Jackson's Vision. In 2003, Q magazine ranked "Black or White" at number 84 in their list of the "1001 Best Songs Ever".

Background

"Black or White" was written, composed and produced by Michael Jackson and Bill Bottrell, and was picked as the first single from the album Dangerous. An alternate version was first heard by Sony executives on a plane trip to Neverland, as the third track of the promotional CD acetate. It began to be promoted on radio stations the first week of November 1991 in New York and Los Angeles. "Black or White" was officially released one week later, on November 5, 1991.

Composition

The song has elements of dance, hip hop and hard rock music such as Bill Bottrell's guitars and Jackson's vocal style. This song is played in the key of E major, with Jackson's vocal spanning from E3 to B4, and its tempo is measured at 115 BPM.
The song's main riff, played by Bill Bottrell, is often incorrectly attributed to Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash. Slash's guitar playing is actually heard in the skit that precedes the album version of the song and he did play the main riff during live performances of the song.

Reception

To prepare the audience for the special occasion of the televised premiere of the "Black or White" video, Epic records released the song to radio stations just two days in advance. In a period of 24 hours, "Black or White", described by the record company as "a rock 'n' roll dance song about racial harmony", had been added to the playlists of 96 percent of 237 of the United States' Top 40 radio stations.
"Black or White" entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 35. A week later it shot up to number three and in its third week, December 7, 1991, it ascended to number one, making it the fastest chart topper since the Beatles' "Get Back", which also won the Hot 100 in just three weeks in 1969 and also his twelfth number-one entry. It closed the year at number one, and remained at the top of the singles chart into 1992 for a total of seven weeks, making Michael Jackson the first artist to have number one popular hits in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. In the UK, the single became the first single by an American to go into the singles chart at number one since 1960, when "It's Now or Never" by Elvis Presley did in the same manner. Around the world, "Black or White" hit number one in 20 countries, including the US, the UK, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Turkey, Zimbabwe, Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the Eurochart Hot 100, number two in Germany and Austria and number three in the Netherlands. The single was certified platinum in the US, selling over one million copies and became the second best selling single of the year. As of August 2018 the song further certified two time platinum for the digital sales.
Reviews of the song were generally favorable. Billboard described the song as a "surprisingly sparse, but instantly gratifying pop/rocker that reveals his grittiest and most affecting performance in years." They noted further that the guitar appearance by Slash and rap cameo by Bill Bottrell is "purely incidental". David Browne praised: "He still knows how to fashion a hook that will take up permanent residence in your brain " Rolling Stones Allan Light in his Dangerous review, compares the song unfavourably to "Beat It": "Neither this slow-burn solo nor the Stones-derived riff on 'Black or White' offers the catharsis of Eddie Van Halen's blazing break on 'Beat It'". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic highlighted the song. The Pazz & Jop critics' poll ranked "Black or White" at number 19.

Remixes

The Clivillés & Cole remixes for "Black or White", released as a promotional single in 1992, also charted on many European countries. In the UK, it reached number 14, and in Ireland, number 11. The promotional single also surprisingly peaked at number 18 in Australia. Despite the favourable European response to this remix, it was never included on a Michael Jackson album or compilation, except on the third disc of the French & UK versions of Jackson's greatest hits album King of Pop.

Music video

The music video for "Black or White" premiered on MTV, BET, VH1, and Fox as well as the BBC's Top of the Pops in the UK on November 14, 1991. Along with Jackson, it featured Macaulay Culkin, Tess Harper, Tyra Banks, and George Wendt. The video was directed by John Landis, who previously directed Thriller. The music video was filmed from late September to early October 1991. The dance scene with the Native Americans shown in the video was filmed at Vasquez Rocks Natural Area Park in Agua Dulce, California. The scene where Michael Jackson and the dancer appear on the freeway was filmed at 11779 Sheldon Street in Sun Valley, Los Angeles.
It was co-choreographed by Jackson and Vincent Paterson. It premiered simultaneously in 27 countries, with an audience of 500 million viewers, the most ever for a music video.
The first few minutes of the video feature an extended version of the song's intro. During this interlude an 11-year-old boy is dancing to rock music in his bedroom at night, causing four baseball team bobbleheads to bobble. This attracts the attention of his bad-tempered father, who furiously remonstrates him to stop playing the music and go to bed. After his father exits out and slams the door behind him, the boy retaliates by setting up large speaker cabinets hooked up to an amplifier behind his father's reclining chair, wearing leather gloves and sunglasses, strapping on an Ernie Ball Music Man EVH signature model guitar and playing a power chord, and telling the father to "Eat this!". The sound then shatters and destroys the house windows and sends his father through the roof and halfway around the world, where the actual song begins. The boy's mother, suggests that his father will be very upset when he gets back. The album version of the song does not feature Culkin's nor Wendt's voice; they are replaced by voiceover artists performing a similar intro. The boy's father crashes in Africa, and Jackson sings "Black or White", surrounded by different cultures scene-by-scene.
The video shows scenes in which African Zulu hunters begin dancing by using moves from Southern African dance, with Jackson following their moves and them mirroring his; as do, in sequence, traditional Thai dancers, Plains Native Americans, a Sri Lankan Tamil Odissi dancer and a group of Russians, the final scene of which is contained in a snowglobe, two babies are playing with. Jackson walks through visual collages of fire, referring to KKK torch ceremonies before a mock rap scene joined with Culkin and other children. The group collectively states, "I'm not gonna spend my life being a color." The final verse is performed by Jackson on a large sculpted torch, which the camera pans out to reveal as the Statue of Liberty. Jackson is seen singing on Lady Liberty's torch surrounded by other famous world structures including The Giza Sphinx, Hagia Sophia, Pamukkale, The Parthenon, Taj Mahal, St. Basil's Cathedral, Pyramids of Giza, Golden Gate Bridge, Big Ben and the Eiffel Tower.
At the end of the video, different people of different ethnicities and nationalities, including actor Glen Chin, model Tyra Banks, actress Khrystyne Haje, and actor Jeffrey Anderson-Gunter, dance as they morph into one another. This technique had been previously used only in movies such as Willow and '. The morphing visual effects were created by Pacific Data Images. In the extended version of the music video, after the song, a black panther walks out of the studio and emerges into Jackson, as he dances and destroys a glass bottle, a building window, and a parked car labeled with spray-painted racist words in a city street. After his damage, he re-emerges into the black panther. Finally, Bart Simpson from The Simpsons dances to the song while watching it on the TV. Homer yells at him to "Turn off that noise!" Bart replies, "Chill out, Homeboy." Then, Homer angrily turns the TV off. The static then cuts to a close-up of Jackson with the tagline "prejudice is ignorance".
The music video of the song appears on the video albums: ', Video Greatest Hits – HIStory, Number Ones, and Michael Jackson's Vision.

Controversy and censorship

Controversy was generated concerning the last four minutes of the original music video. Jackson walks out of the studio as a black panther and then morphs into himself. Then he walks outside to perform some of his most physically complicated dance techniques, in a similar way to "Billie Jean". The scene is also very similar to that of a commercial Jackson appeared in for L.A. Gear in 1989. This part contained sexually suggestive scenes when Jackson starts to grab his crotch, and then zips his pants up. In the original version, Jackson is seen smashing windows, destroying a car and causing an inn to explode. Jackson later apologized saying that the violent and suggestive behavior was an interpretation of the animal instinct of a black panther, and MTV and other music video networks removed the last four minutes from subsequent broadcasts. To make the vandalism and violence more understandable to viewers, an altered version was produced, with racial messages added via CGI graffiti to the windows Jackson breaks. The version included in the boxed set Michael Jackson's Vision is the aired, televised version without the graffiti, and does not include the "prejudice is ignorance" title card.
To date, the uncut version has generally been seen in the United States on MTV2 only between the hours of 1:00 and 4:00, as part of their special uncut airing of the "Most Controversial Music Videos" of all time. The extended version is also available on Jackson's DVDs. The original version is available on the DVD releases of Video Greatest Hits – HIStory with the VHS and Laserdisc release containing the aired version, and online at MTVMusic.com. It was still shown in its entirety for some years in Europe. Indeed, UK channel MTV Classic aired the full video at 14:00 on April 11, 2010, including the cameo appearance by Bart Simpson and Homer Simpson before the "prejudice is ignorance" image. MTV Classic have continued to air the full video post-watershed and recently aired in September 2012.
The uncut version was also shown in Australia at 11:45 pm AEST on Saturday June 2, 2012 as the first song on the weekly late night, guest-programmed music video show Rage, on ABC1 and in Europe, on VH1 Classic at 21:30 CET on Saturday, September 29, 2018.
The first version made available in the iTunes Store contains neither the panther scene nor The Simpsons cameo, and is cut after the morphing sequence. Since then, a new version has been released with the graffiti and The Simpsons cameo called "Black or White."
Starting in 1992, Nocturne Video Productions began playing the "Panther Segment" of the video as an interlude during Michael's Dangerous world tour. The clip is 20 seconds shorter than the original, omitting all the violence and the sexually suggestive scenes. The scene of the pants re-zipping was retained. In predominantly Muslim countries during the HIStory Tour, the scene was replaced with the Carmina Burana "Brace Yourself" montage originally used as the intro in the previous Dangerous Tour.

Track listings

7": Epic / 657598 7 (UK)

;Side one
  1. "Black or White" – 3:22
;Side two
  1. "Black or White" – 3:22

    7": Epic / 34-74100 (US)

;Side one
  1. "Black or White" – 3:22
;Side two
  1. "Black or White" – 3:22

    12": Epic / 657598 6 (UK)

;Side one
  1. "Black or White" - 3:22
  2. "Bad" - 4:04
;Side two
  1. "Black or White " - 3:22
  2. "Thriller" - 5:57

    12" (The Clivillés & Cole Remixes): Epic / 657731 6 (UK)

;Side one
  1. "Black or White" – 7:36
  2. "Black or White" – 6:34
;Side two
  1. "Black or White" – 7:29
  2. "Black or White" – 3:53
  3. "Black or White" – 3:38

    Limited Edition 12": Epic / 49 74099 (US)

;Side one
  1. "Black or White" – 7:33
  2. "Black or White" – 6:27
;Side two
  1. "Black or White" – 3:53
  2. "Black or White" – 3:22
  3. "Black or White" – 3:22
  4. "Black or White" – 3:34

    CD: Epic / 657598 2 (UK)

  5. "Black or White" – 3:22
  6. "Black or White" – 3:22
  7. "Smooth Criminal" - 4:16

    CD (The Clivillés & Cole Remixes): Epic / 657731 2 (UK)

  8. "Black or White" – 7:36
  9. "Black or White" – 6:34
  10. "Black or White" – 7:29
  11. "Black or White" – 3:53
  12. "Black or White" – 3:38

    CD: Epic / 34K 74100 (US)

  13. "Black or White" – 3:22
  14. "Black or White" – 3:22

    UK Promo VHS (PAL)

  15. "Black or White" - 11:00

    Visionary

;CD side
  1. "Black or White" – 3:22
  2. "Black or White" – 3:53
;DVD side
  1. "Black or White" – 11:00

    Covers and cultural impact

"Black or White" has been covered by some artists since its release.
The music video, particularly the "Panther Segment", have been referenced or parodied by television shows and artists.

Weekly charts

Chart Peak
position

Chart Peak
position
Hungary 6

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Certifications

Personnel