Bodélé Depression


The Bodélé Depression, located at the southern edge of the Sahara Desert in north central Africa, is the lowest point in Chad. Its bottom lies about 155 meters above sea level. The dry endorheic basin is a major source of fertile dust essential for the Amazon rainforest.
Dust storms from the Bodélé Depression occur on average about 100 days per year, one typical example being the massive dust storms that swept over West Africa and the Cape Verde Islands in February 2004. As the wind sweeps between the Tibesti and the Ennedi Mountains in Northern Chad, it is channeled across the depression. The dry bowl that forms the depression is marked by a series of ephemeral lakes, many of which were last filled during wetter periods of the Holocene.
Diatoms from these fresh water lakes, once part of Mega-Lake Chad, now make up the surface of the depression and are the source material for the dust, which, carried across the Atlantic Ocean, is an important source of nutrient minerals for the Amazon rainforest.

Drying up of Lake Chad

, Mega-Lake Chad receded to the current position of Lake Chad in the south-west corner of Chad. In the mid-1960s, Lake Chad was about the size of Lake Erie. But persistent drought conditions associated with the great Sahel drought coupled with increased demand for fresh water for irrigation have reduced Lake Chad to about 5 percent of its former size. As the waters receded, the silts and sediments resting on the lakebed were left to dry in the scorching sun. The small grains of the diatomite are swept up by the strong wind gusts that occasionally blow over the region. Once heaved aloft, the Bodélé dust can be carried for hundreds or even thousands of kilometers. In winter, the depression produces an average of 700,000 tonnes of dust each day.
Research published in the 25 March 2004 edition of Geophysical Research Letters, which used images taken by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, aboard NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites, indicated that storms move across the Bodélé Depression at about 47 km/h —two times faster than previously believed. The research also found that winds have to whip across the region at a minimum of 36 km/h, to kick up a dust storm. The pattern of air flow is so common that the winds have scoured a straight path in the ground, marking its southwesterly flow.
Complementary research published in Geophysical Research Letters by Richard Washington from the University of Oxford and Martin Todd has shown that these strong winds are part of feature now called the Bodele Low Level Jet. In the Reanalysis data sets such as ERA-40 the wind shows up as a clear wind speed maximum at about 900 hPa near 18 N and 19 E. This jet maximum coincides with the exit gap of the North-easterlies between the Tibesti mountains and the Ennedi massif which lie 2600 m and 1000 m above the flat terrain in the Djourab Desert of Chad respectively. The effect of the Tibesti massif is clearly evident in creating a split in the low-level easterly flow north and south of these mountains. While the jet feature is pronounced over the Bodele, it is absent from other longitudes over west Africa along 18 N. It is therefore a feature which uniquely overlies the greater Bodele region, downwind of the mountains of Chad.
The Bodele Low Level Jet undergoes a marked seasonal cycle. It is active in the October–March period and relatively inactive from June–August. This timing closely matches the seasonality of dust emission from the Bodele. Individual dust storms in the Bodele were also shown in this research to coincide with a major strengthening of the Bodele Low Level Jet which, in turn, is associated with the ridging of the Libyan High, a feature of the subtropical High Pressure belt.
The same researchers who in 2004 more accurately determined the speed of wind through the depression also published in 2006 work showing that more than half of the dust needed for fertilizing the Amazon Rainforest is provided by the Bodélé depression, depositing up to 50 million tonnes in South America per year. The research also shows that, contrary to what was previously thought, most of the Saharan dust that reaches the east coast of the United States originates from a single source—the Bodele depression.
Researchers from Hacettepe University have reported that Saharan soil may have bio-available iron and also some essential macro and micro nutrient elements suitable for use as fertilizer for growing wheat. It has been shown that Saharan soil may have the potential of producing bioavailable iron when illuminated with visible light and also it has some essential macro and micro nutrient elements. In this study the impact of various growth media on development of some bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars have been investigated. As a four different nutrient media, Hewitt nutrient solution , illuminated and non-illuminated Saharan desert soil solutions and distilled water have been utilized. Shoot length, leaf area and photosynthetic pigments have been determined. The results of this study indicate that, wheat varieties fed by irradiated Saharan soil solution gave comparable results to Hewitt nutrient solution.

Bodele Dust Experiment

In February 2005 the first field experiment, the Bodele Dust Experiment or BoDEx 2005, was carried out in the Bodele Depression. The experiment measured the surface winds and near surface winds, dust concentrations and the influence of dust on the radiation budget in the Bodele Depression for the first time. This work coincided with a major dust emission event during which the Bodele Low Level Jet sustained surface wind speeds of around 16 m/s. The core of the Bodele Low Level Jet was also mapped for the first time from the wind data and was shown to undergo a very marked diurnal cycle with peak winds occurring mid morning. During night time, the Bodele Low Level Jet flows over a near-surface inversion but quickly mixes down to the surface a few hours after sunrise once the intense surface heating induces turbulence in the lowest layers.
Dust from the Bodele may be seen as a simple coincidence of two key requirements for deflation: strong surface winds and erodible sediment. But recent research has argued that long-term links exist between topography, wind, deflation and dust and that topography acts as the controlling agent ensuring the long term maintenance of this source. The spatial co-location of strong winds and dust is not simply fortuitous but results from a set of processes. Specifically:
Wind conditions which deflate the erodible sediment now may have created the depression necessary for generating the erodible diatomite in the past. Instead of a simple coincidence of nature, the world's largest source results from a system of processes operating over paleo timescales.
The largest town associated with the Bodele dust source is Faya-Largeau, located just to the northeast of the depression.