Breca the Bronding


Breca was a Bronding who, according to the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf, was Beowulf's childhood friend. Breca defeated Beowulf in what, by consensus, is described as a swimming match.
While dining, Unferth alludes to the story of their contest as a reproach to Beowulf's impulsiveness and foolhardiness, and Beowulf then relates it in detail, explaining how he needed to stop and defeat multiple sea monsters during the match, so, although he arrived at the goal after Breca, his was the more worthy journey.
In line 522 of Beowulf, Breca is identified as lond Brondinga. Breca is also mentioned in Widsith, an Anglo-Saxon poem known only from a 10th-century copy, as the ruler of the Brondings :
This is presumably the same Breca as mentioned in Beowulf. In Beowulf, Breca is further identified, in line 524, as sunu Bēanstānes, as if the name Breca and the mention of Beanstan would be familiar enough to Unferth's audience to adequately identify him.
It was long ago theorized that the Brondings and Breca lived on the island of Brännö outside of modern Gothenburg. On the other hand, from the mention in Widsith, with the Brondings mentioned immediately before the Wernas, it has been suggested that the Brondings might have located near them, perhaps in Mecklenburg or Pomerania. It has even been suggested that the Brondings, whose name suggests the crashing of waves, are entirely mythical.

The nature of the contest

Some scholars have debated whether Beowulf and Breca competed in a swimming match or a rowing match. Ambiguities in the translation of Beowulf have left scholars with multiple interpretations for the Beowulf-Breca “swimming” episode. Karl P. Wentersdorf of Xavier University writes, “An adventure in which two youths spend seven days and nights swimming at sea is more than extraordinary, particularly since they are carrying heavy iron swords and wearing cumbersome coats of chain mail.” Such a remarkable feat would not, however, be very incongruous with the poem's other portrayals of Beowulf's heroic prowess. Unferth describes this as a foolhardy contest or race, but when Beowulf offers his own version of events, it becomes a youthful confidence-building or team-building shared challenge, much like a camping or mountaineering trip, in which the two participants endeavored to stay together rather than one leave the other far behind.
According to Wentersdorf, the trouble with translation “results from the ambiguity of the word sund in the lines ymb sund flite and he þeaet sunde oferflat.” Sund, though often translated by scholars as “swim” could, through evolution of language, be interpreted as “rowing”. Beowulf and Breca could have been rowing together or competing to see who was the more prodigious rower. The Old English term rēon, used twice in this portion of Beowulf, is not translated as “swim” in any other Anglo-Saxon poetry. The kennings earmum þehton and mundum brugdon, used by Unferth to describe Beowulf's match against Breca, are applicable to both swimming and rowing. Twice in this portion that sund is used is in the same lines as rēon, and both times forming the three-word phrase on sund rēon, which would seem to mean "rowing on the sea" - but there is an Anglo-Saxon word, onsund, which means “sound, physically strong, uninjured”, in most transcriptions of the Beowulf text it does not occur, but in the original manuscript, at line 513 on and sund have apparently been rewritten after being scraped from the parchment and seem slightly closer together than two separate words ordinarily are, and in line 540 the manuscript clearly uses onsund as a single word and Zupitza transcribes it as a single word - although he drew a thin line of separation after on, which may indicate that he did not know that onsund was a word with a meaning of its own. Onsund is found in a lot of other Anglo-Saxon artifacts. In Icelandic, at least, sund requires a preposition, not found here in Beowulf, to mean swimming rather than merely something aquatic.
Unferth also uses the phrases wada cunnedon, “made trial of the waters”, and glidon ofer garsecg, “glided over the sea” during his description of Beowulf's match against Breca. Both terms are equally applicable to swimming and rowing. Rowing was, as much as swimming or water-wrestling, an essential skill for warriors during the Anglo-Saxon era, so a rowing competition between Beowulf and Breca would not have been out of the question. Although there are Nordic tales of swimming competitions, no other has characteristics of such extreme duration and danger as this - which, strictly speaking, was not a race but merely a testing of their own strength. Moreover, the duration of the challenge seems to make rowing more likely than swimming; seven days and nights immersed in Scandinavian waters, in winter no less, evidently without food nor an opportunity to go ashore for sleep or warmth, seems lethal.
Additionally, the text refers to Beowulf as fleotan - “floating”, and being on sidne sæ, and on deóp wæter - “upon the wide sea” and “upon the deep water” and similar expressions—putting him consistently atop or above the water, rather than in or under the water. In line 515, he is described as having glidon ofer garsecg - “glided over / above the surf”; again, an image more in keeping with rowing than swimming. Further, in line 581, fatigued from his struggles with the sea monsters, Beowulf was carried by the currents to the land of the Finns - and here the original manuscript's text clearly reads wudu weallendu - wudu, a word related to “wood” and often meaning “boat”, as it does in lines 216, 298 and elsewhere, so that Beowulf was carried to the Finns on a tossing, quaking boat; however, several editors and translators saw an obscure difficulty and insisted on changing the wudu to wadu, making it appear that Beowulf was carried to the Finns on “surging water”.

Significance of the story

The story of the aquatic adventure with Breca is introduced into the Beowulf saga for a number of reasons. First, we are introduced to Unferth, evidently a significant member of Hrothgar's court, but we are immediately encouraged to dislike him, because we are told he is motivated by envy and wishes to embarrass Hrothgar's honored guest. Second, it enables the introduction of a separate story attesting, after a fashion, to Beowulf's strength, courage, and resourcefulness. Third, it tells us that Beowulf has already overcome monsters other than Grendel - several of them - so that he is suited for the challenge he faces. When he tells his side of the story, Beowulf manages to include some rude rebuffs to Unferth. Further in the saga, when Heriot is being attacked by Grendel's Mother, we shall see Unferth approach Beowulf in humility, offering his own family's heirloom sword.

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