British Rail Mark 4


British Rail's fourth design of passenger carriages was designated Mark 4, built for use in InterCity 225 sets on the East Coast Main Line between King's Cross, Leeds, Newcastle and Edinburgh.
As of July 2020, 19 Mark 4s have been scrapped, 144 are still in service, and 139 are in storage.

History and construction

A small build compared with the Mark 2 and Mark 3 designs, 314 Mark 4s were built between 1989 and 1992 by Metro-Cammell's Washwood Heath factory to operate services on the newly electrified East Coast Main Line. Today they are operated by London North Eastern Railway in 30 fixed formations of nine coaches, with a Class 91 locomotive and Driving Van Trailer.
The Mark 4 is an all-steel coach incorporating a number of improvements over the Mark 3 stock - notably the inclusion of automatic push-button operated plug-type doors, in place of manually operated slam-doors, fully sealed gangways and controlled emission toilets. Body shells were built by British Rail Engineering Limited and Società Italiana Ernesto Breda.
After a period of evaluation in 1988, Swiss SIG type BT41A bogies were selected rather than BREL Type T4 bogies when BREL could not provide commercial guarantees on the demanding lateral ride comfort required for 140 mph running.
However, during the first year of operation in 1989, complaints were made about the "lively" ride of the coaches. This required modifications to the damper and spring rates of the bogies and the fitting of inter-coach "car coupler dampers" to improve damping between the vehicles. Disabled access was another priority of the design, so the door vestibules were enlarged to allow a more generous turning circle for a wheelchair. With ever-increasing levels of overcrowding, the so-called 'gangway passenger' had become an important consideration, so the vestibule environment was improved with carpeted walls, better lighting, sealed gangways and carriage doors plus four flip-down seats per vestibule.
Many of these innovations came courtesy of the abandoned Advanced Passenger Train, upon which the Mark 4 was heavily based. This influence was most obvious with the profiled sides, intended to allow the retrofitting of tilt-equipped bogies derived from the APT. This would have allowed up to 6° of tilt; modified coaches would have been designated "Mark 4 T" but this plan was abandoned in January 1986. The business case for the Mark 4 anticipated them also being operated on the West Coast Main Line as a follow-on order after the East Coast Main Line electrification, but after the failure of the InterCity 250 project to gain Treasury support, British Rail ordered a small number of Class 90 locomotives to supplement existing locomotives on the West Coast Main Line.
The Mark 4 has gained widespread praise for its exceptional crashworthiness, something that was proven in the Hatfield and Selby crashes, where experts identified the integral construction of the vehicles as being a key factor in restricting the death toll.
The Class 158 and Class 159 diesel multiple units, although superficially similar, are not based on the Mark 4 bodyshell: the Mark 4 is derived from the Class 156.
The Iarnród Éireann Mark 4 push-pull carriages introduced on the Irish railway system in mid-2006 are of a different design, manufactured by the Spanish manufacturer CAF.
The Mark 4 was the first British Rail vehicle not to use the iconic Rail Alphabet typeface for interior signage and operating notices.
Via Rail Canada's Renaissance fleet of inter-city and sleeper coaches are derived from British Rail's Mark 4. They were built for the abortive Nightstar services to Europe, and adapted by Bombardier Transportation to meet Canadian requirements.

Project Mallard

Between October 2003 and November 2005, Bombardier Transportation, under contract from GNER, rebuilt and refurbished the carriages under Project Mallard. Trains with rebuilt coaches became known as Mallards to distinguish them from unrefurbished sets during the upgrade programme, named after the Mallard steam locomotive, built in the 1930s by the London & North Eastern Railway and holder of the world speed record for steam locomotives.
The Mallard refit gave the coaches all-new interiors with new seats, carpeting and power points at every seat. The vestibule areas lost their flip-down seats near the entrances with perch-type seats being put in their place. The buffet coach was turned around with first class seating converted to standard. Wheelchair-width doors were fitted and the seating capacity was increased by fitting airline-style seats in place of the previous groupings of pairs of seats facing each other across a table.
Additionally GNER introduced WiFi Internet connectivity as a trial from December 2003 and into service from April 2004, making it the first service of its kind in the United Kingdom. Prior to National Express East Coast taking over the franchise in December 2007, WiFi was free in first class and chargeable in standard class; under the new NXEC franchise access it became free for all passengers. In October 2010, under East Coast operation, charges for standard class passengers were reintroduced.
All were revinyled in East Coast livery with the last completed in April 2013. They were revinyled in Virgin Trains East Coast livery in 2015. In February 2016, a refurbishment program called Plush Tush, commenced with new seat covers, carpets and purple mood lighting in First Class.

Future

The Mark 4s are scheduled to be replaced on the East Coast Main Line by Class 800s & Class 801s in 2018/19. Virgin Trains East Coast were to retain seven or eight nine-carriage sets to operate extra services to Edinburgh. LNER later stated this plan had been cancelled.
Grand Central will operate Mark 4 coaches on London Euston to Blackpool North via the West Coast Main Line services. These will be powered by Class 90s.
Twelve Mark 4 carriages are to be refurbished for use by Transport for Wales on an expanded Holyhead-Cardiff Premier Service from 2020.
Grand Union is proposing to operate Mark 4s on its London Paddington to Cardiff Central services from December 2020.