Buenos Aires Province


Buenos Aires is the largest and most populous Argentine province. It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires, the capital of the country, which used to be part of the province and the province's capital until it was federalized in 1880. Since then, in spite of bearing the same name, the province does not include Buenos Aires proper, though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area. The capital of the province is the city of La Plata, founded in 1882.
The province is the only one within all of Argentina to be divided into partidos and further into localidades. It borders the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast, Santa Fe to the north, Córdoba to the northwest, La Pampa to the west, and Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast. Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast, and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east. The entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region.
The province has a population of about 15.6 million people, which is 39% of Argentina's total population. Nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires. The province covers an area of, which is about 11% of Argentina's total area and makes it the country's largest province.

History

The inhabitants of the province before the 16th-century advent of Spanish colonization were aboriginal peoples such as the Charrúas and the Querandíes. Their culture was lost over the next 350 years. They were subjected to Eurasian plagues from which few survived. The survivors joined other tribes or have been mostly absorbed by Argentina's European ethnic majority.
Pedro de Mendoza founded Santa María del Buen Ayre in 1536. Even though the first contact with the aboriginals was peaceful, it soon became hostile. The city was evacuated in 1541. Juan de Garay re-founded the settlement in 1580 as Santísima Trinidad y Puerto Santa María de Los Buenos Aires.
Amidst ongoing conflict with the aboriginals, the cattle farms extended from Buenos Aires, whose port was always the center of the economy of the territory. Following the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata at the end of the 18th century, the export of meat, leather and their derivatives through the port of Buenos Aires was the basis of the economic development of the region.
Jesuits unsuccessfully tried to peacefully assimilate the aboriginals into the European culture brought by the Spanish conquistadores. A certain balance was found at the end of the 18th century when the Salado River became the limit between both civilizations, despite frequent malones. The end to this situation came in 1879 with the Conquest of the Desert in which the aboriginals were almost completely exterminated.
After the independence from Spain in 1816, the city and province of Buenos Aires became the focus of an intermittent Argentine Civil War with other provinces. A Federal Pact secured by Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas in 1831 led to the establishment of the Argentine Confederation and to his gaining the sum of public power, which provided a tenuous unity. Ongoing disputes regarding the influence of Buenos Aires, between Federalists and Unitarians, and over the Port of Buenos Aires fueled periodic hostilities. The province was declared independent on September 11, 1852, as the State of Buenos Aires. Concessions gained in 1859 Pact of San José de Flores and a victory at the Battle of Pavón led to its reincorporation into the Argentine Republic on December 17, 1861. Intermittent conflicts with the nation did not truly cease until 1880, when the city of Buenos Aires was formally federalized and, thus, administratively separated from the province.
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La Plata was founded in 1882 by Governor Dardo Rocha for the purpose of becoming the provincial capital. The equivalent of a billion dollars of British investment and pro-development, education and immigration policies pursued at the national level subsequently spurred dramatic economic growth. Driven by European immigration and improved health, the province's population, like Argentina's, nearly doubled to one million by 1895 and doubled again by 1914. Rail lines connected nearly every town and hamlet in the province by 1914; many developed around the new railway stations.
This era of accelerated development was cut short by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, which caused a sharp drop in commodity prices and led to a halt in the flow of investment funds between nations. The new Concordance and Perón governments funded ambitious lending and public works programs, visible in Buenos Aires Province through the panoply of levees, power plants, water works, paved roads, municipal buildings, and schools, clinics and massive regional hospitals.
The province's population, after 1930, began to grow disproportionately quickly in the suburban areas of Buenos Aires. These suburbs had grown to include 4 million out of the province's total 7 million people in 1960. Much of the area these new suburbs were developed on consisted of wetlands and were prone to flooding. To address this, Governor Oscar Alende initiated the province's most important flood-control project to date, the Roggero Reservoir. Completed a decade later, in 1971, the reservoir and associated electric and water-treatment facilities encouraged still more, and more orderly, development of the Greater Buenos Aires region, which today includes around 10 million people. It did not address worsening pollution resulting from the area's industrial growth, which had made itself evident since around 1920. This problem has been at its worst along the Reconquista River west and north of the city of Buenos Aires; over 4 million people today live on the Reconquista's basin. Of these, about a million still live with seriously compromised water quality, despite the province's efforts to remedy the issue.

Contemporary history

In April 2013, the northeastern section of Buenos Aires Province, particularly its capital, La Plata, experienced several flash floods that claimed the lives of at least 59 people.
Alejandro Armendáriz, of the Radical Civic Union, was elected governor in 1983, when Raúl Alfonsín became president. Alfonsín lost the 1987 midterm elections, leading to the victory of Antonio Cafiero. From that year to 2015, all governors have been Peronists. The high population of the province makes it highly influential in Argentine politics. With both ruling for two terms, the rivalry of the president Carlos Menem and governor Eduardo Duhalde dominated the Argentine politics during the nineties. A similar case took place with the president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and governor Daniel Scioli. María Eugenia Vidal, from Republican Proposal, won the 2015 elections, and became the first female governor of the province.

Government

The provincial government is divided into three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoints the cabinet; the legislative; and the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court.
The Constitution of Buenos Aires Province forms the formal law of the province.
In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by the Buenos Aires Provincial Police.

Geography

Buenos Aires Province, at, is slightly bigger than Italy. The landscape is mainly flat, with two low mountain ranges; Sierra de la Ventana and Sierra de Tandil. The highest point is Cerro Tres Picos and the longest river is Río Salado.
As part of The Pampas, the weather of the province is strongly influenced by the ocean, with hot summers and temperate winters. Humidity is high and precipitation is abundant and distributed over the year. The Western and Southwestern regions are drier.

Climate

The climate of the province of Buenos Aires is extremely benign for human activities: it is temperate, with four marked seasons and reliable rainfall on most regions. The province can be divided into four main climatic regions: the southwestern, drier region; the cool Atlantic region; the northern and eastern humid region, and the Delta region, with the warmest, wettest climate.
The northern region has warm, humid summers, with days between and nights between, pleasant falls, cool, drier winters with highs between and nights between, and windy, variable springs. Heat waves may bring days with temperatures over, but these do not usually last very long, as cold fronts bring thunderstorms and cooler days, with night temperatures often falling down to. Winter cold waves may bring days with highs about, and lows below, with extremes down to. Snow is uncommon, but there have been accumulations on several occasions in the past. Precipitation ranges from per year.
The Delta region is slightly warmer, especially at night, due to the presence of water and the northerly location. Summer nights tend to be stickier, and winters can be damp and foggy, with most nights between. Frost is still to be expected, but temperatures will almost never fall below, and snow has fallen only twice in the last century. Precipitation ranges from and falls throughout the year. The city of Buenos Aires is surrounded by a climate similar to the northern part of the province, but the city itself resembles more the Delta climate, with less frost.
The southwestern region is the driest region, and it experiences a more marked differences in temperatures. Summers are often hot, between, but nights are usually comfortable. Thunderstorms are less frequent but can be very violent in nature. Frost can make an appearance as early as March, but usually first comes in April. Winters are cool and dry, with days between and nights between. Frost occurs on an almost daily basis, with temperatures below not uncommon, and down to recorded in some areas. Snowfall may occur every once in a while, but accumulations are usually small. Total precipitation ranges from, with slightly rainier springs and falls.
The Atlantic region sees very moderate weather: the ocean is cold and sea breezes often bring chilly weather until midsummer. The hottest months average with nights between, providing a perfect relief for the inhabitants of the hotter interior. Fall is often rainy, and winters can be windy and chilly: temperatures average from, and nights from. There can be long periods of drizzly weather and constant temperatures of about. Frost is common but temperatures will rarely fall below, and snowfalls sometimes, but accumulations are only to be expected every few years. Precipitation ranges from. The Sierras de la Ventana experience cooler weather, especially at night.
The geography of the province is crossed by occasional west Pampero winds. The southern Sudestada produces storms and temperature drops, most notably the Santa Rosa storm, which takes place every year almost exactly on August 30.

Administrative division

Unlike the other provinces of the country, in the province of Buenos Aires, the territorial divisions are called partidos instead of departments.
These also constitute the municipal division of the province. The provincial Constitution does not recognize the municipal autonomy that was recognized for the whole country in the reform of the National Constitution of 1994. Each partido corresponds to a municipality and is governed by a mayor elected by popular vote. The process of creating a partido is much more dynamic than in the other provinces, with a total of six more partidos in 2000 than in 1990. Most of the newer partidos were created in the Greater Buenos Aires. There are 135 partidos, the last established by law is Lezama.

Demographics

Buenos Aires Province is the most populated province of the country, with 15 million inhabitants, of which 12 million live in Greater Buenos Aires and 3 million in the rest of the province. Around 33.8% of the inhabitants weren't born in the province, of whom 3,918,552 are immigrants from other provinces and 758,640 were born abroad.
Most of its inhabitants are descendants from colonial-era settlers and immigrants from Europe who arrived within the 19th and 20th centuries, mostly Italians, Spaniards and to a lesser extent Germans, French and British. A number of suburbs in the province are also home to a large, predominantly mestizo population that began migrating from the country's northern provinces in the mid-20th century to take advantage of growing employment opportunities. These same communities are also home to considerable numbers of more recent migrants from Paraguay and Bolivia.

Largest cities

City2010 Census2001 Census
La Plata643,133
Mar del Plata593,337
Vicente López360,078
Pilar296,826
Bahía Blanca291,327
Merlo244,168
Quilmes230,810
Banfield223,898
José C. Paz216,637
Lanús212,152
Gregorio de Laferrère175,670
Ituzaingó168,419104,712
Berazategui167,498
González Catán163,815
Ezeiza160,219
San Miguel157,532

Tourism

Tourists, mainly from Buenos Aires, visit the Atlantic coast. There are many cities and towns along the coastline, which starts some from Buenos Aires after the Samborombón Bay. Among them, the biggest and most important is Mar del Plata, followed by the La Costa Partido, Pinamar, Villa Gesell, Miramar, and Necochea. The most important summer-related event, the National Sea Festival, is held annually in the city of Mar del Plata. The city's Central Casino and Grand Provincial Hotel are among the nation's largest.
Other destinations include the Ventana Sierras, Tandil, Tigre, the Paraná Delta, Isla Martín García, Olavarria, the Chascomús and Gómez lagoons, Campos del Tuyú National Park, and La Plata.
Agritourism in estancias has become increasingly popular for foreigners visiting the province in recent years. The province's wine district, centered on Médanos, has also become prominent for visitors touring the Argentina Wine Route.

Sport

The Province of Buenos Aires has numerous professional soccer teams. Club Atlético Independiente and Racing Club de Avellaneda are the most famous. Other teams include Temperley, Deportivo Laferrere, Defensa y Justicia, Arsenal, Quilmes, Los Andes, Banfield, Lanús, Talleres de Escalada, Sportivo Italiano, San Miguel, Muñiz, Juventud Unida, Deportivo Morón, Almirante Brown, Platense, Chacarita Juniors, and Tigre. Outside the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires, Estudiantes de La Plata, and Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata stand out.
Provincial clubs include Olimpo and Villa Mitre, Huracán de Tres Arroyos, Aldosivi and Alvarado Sarmiento, Douglas Haig Agropecuario, Santamarina, Racing de Olavarría, Flandría, Club Luján and Villa Dálmine.
The province is represented in the Argentine Rugby Union by four unions: the Rugby Union of Buenos Aires, includes teams of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, the Rugby Union of Mar del Plata, the Western Rugby Union of the Province of Buenos Aires and the Southern Rugby Union. Some of the most prominent clubs are CASI and SIC of San Isidro.
Among others, some of the most important basketball teams in the province are: Peñarol de Mar del Plata, Quilmes de Mar del Plata, Bahía Basket, Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca, Olimpo de Bahía Blanca, Argentino de Junín, Club Ciclista Juninense, and Estudiantes de Olavarría, Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata, Club Atlético Platense and Lanús.
There are numerous racetracks, including La Plata, Nueve de Julio, Olavarría, Mar de Ajó, Junín, Balcarce, San Nicolás de los Arroyos and Bahía Blanca. The San Isidro Racecourse was inaugurated in 1935 and hosts the Carlos Pellegrini Grand Prix. The Hipodromo de La Plata is the third-largest in Argentina.

Economy

The province's economy has long been the largest in Argentina, estimated in 2014 to have been US$407.6 billion. The province is the nation's chief exporter, generating nearly $107 billion in exports in 2016.
Agriculture in the province is renowned around the world for its productivity. The province is Argentina's chief agricultural producer, and accounted for at least $8 billion in export earnings in 2014. This sector adds about 5% to the province's highly diversified economy, however. The province's ranching sector is diversified, and though cattle historically provided the main animal husbandry activity, Buenos Aires is also the top producer of sheep, pork, and chicken meat of the country. Equally important is the dairy industry. Crop harvests are the most diverse in the nation, and have grown to record levels in recent decades. The most important crops include soybean, maize, wheat, sunflower and other oilseeds, like flax. More recently, premium wines have been produced in the Buenos Aires wine region in the south of the province.
Manufacturing accounts for a fourth of the province's output and is about 40% of the entire nation's. The industry of the province is diverse: chemical, pharmaceutical, metallurgic, motor vehicles, machinery, textiles and the food industry are the most notable. Excluding processed agricultural items, the province was responsible for over US$70 billion of industrial exports in 2016 and accounted for a third of all Argentine exports.
The province's services sector is well-diversified and differs little from national trends. The largest local bank is the public Bank of the Province of Buenos Aires. The institution, the second-largest in Argentina, holds nearly a tenth of the nation's bank deposits.

Transport

Airports

NameCityOACIIATAFAA
Ministro PistariniEzeizaSAEZEZEEZE
San FernandoSan FernandoSADFFDOFDO
Astor PiazollaMar del PlataSAZMMDQMDP
Comandante EsporaBahía BlancaSAZBBHIEPO
Edgardo Hugo YelpoNecocheaSAZONECNEC
JunínJunínSAAJJNININ
La PlataLa PlataSADLLPGPTA
Santa TeresitaSanta TeresitaSAZLSSTSST
TandilTandilSAZTTDLDIL
Villa GesellVilla GesellSAZVVLGGES

Ports

Railways

RailwayCityStation
General San MartínBuenos AiresRetiro San Martín
General San MartínChacabucoChacabuco
General San MartínJunínJunín
Domingo Faustino SarmientoBuenos AiresOnce
Domingo Faustino SarmientoLujánLuján
Domingo Faustino SarmientoMercedesMercedes
Domingo Faustino SarmientoChivilcoyChivilcoy Sud
General RocaBuenos AiresConstitución
General RocaSan Miguel del MonteMonte
General RocaLas FloresLas Flores
General RocaOlavarríaOlavarría
General RocaAzulAzul
General RocaPigüéPigüé
General RocaBahía BlancaBahía Blanca Sud
General RocaMar del PlataMar del Plata