Cantonese Pinyin
Cantonese Pinyin is a romanization system for Cantonese developed by Rev. Yu Ping Chiu in 1971, and subsequently modified by the Education Department of Hong Kong and Prof. Zhan Bohui of the Chinese Dialects Research Centre of the Jinan University, Guangdong, PRC, and honorary professor of the School of Chinese, University of Hong Kong. It is the only romanization system accepted by Education and Manpower Bureau of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority.
The formal and short forms of the system's Chinese names mean respectively "the Cantonese Pronunciation list of Chinese Characters in Common Use romanization system" and "the romanization system of the Hong Kong Education and Manpower Bureau".
Pinyin
The Cantonese Pinyin system directly corresponds to the S. L. Wong system, an IPA-based phonemic transcription system used in A Chinese Syllabary Pronounced According to the Dialect of Canton by Wong Shik Ling. Generally, if an IPA symbol is also an English letter, the same symbol is used directly in the Romanization ; and if the IPA symbol is not an English letter, it is Romanized using English letters. Thus, →aa, →a, →e, →o, →oe, →ng. This results in a system which is both easy to learn and type but is still useful for academics.In the following table, the first row inside a cell shows the Cantonese Pinyin, the second row shows a representative "narrow transcription" in IPA, while the third row shows the corresponding IPA "broad transcription" using the S. L. Wong system.
Initials
Finals
- The finals m and ng can only be used as standalone nasal syllables.
Tones
| Tone name | Yīn Píng | Yīn Shàng | Yīn Qù | Yáng Píng | Yáng Shàng | Yáng Qù | Yīn Rù | Zhōng Rù | Yáng Rù |
| Tone Number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| Tone name according to Middle Chinese System | Dark Level | Dark Rising | Dark Departing | Light Level | Light Rising | Light Departing | Dark Entering | Middle Entering | Light Entering |
| Tone name according to contour | high level or high falling | mid rising | mid level | low falling | low rising | low level | entering high level | entering mid level | entering low level |
| Contour | 55 / 53 | 35 | 33 | 21 / 11 | 13 | 22 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Character Example | 分 | 粉 | 訓 | 焚 | 奮 | 份 | 忽 | 發 | 佛 |
| Example | fan1 | fan2 | fan3 | fan4 | fan5 | fan6 | fat7 | faat8 | fat9 |
Comparison with Yale Romanization
Cantonese Pinyin and the Yale Romanization system represent Cantonese pronunciations with these same letters:- The initials: b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, ng, h, s, gw, kw, w.
- The vowels: aa, a, e, i, o, u.
- The nasal stops: m, ng.
- The codas: i, u, m, n, ng, p, t, k.
- The vowels oe represent and in Cantonese Pinyin while the eu represents both vowels in Yale.
- The vowel y represents in Cantonese Pinyin while both yu and i are used in Yale.
- The initial j represents in Cantonese Pinyin while y is used instead in Yale.
- The initial dz represents in Cantonese Pinyin while j is used instead in Yale.
- The initial ts represents in Cantonese Pinyin while ch is used instead in Yale.
- In Cantonese Pinyin, if no consonant precedes the vowel y, then the initial j is appended before the vowel. In Yale, the corresponding initial y is never appended before yu under any circumstances.
- Some new finals can be written in Cantonese Pinyin that are not contained in Yale Romanization schemes, such as: eu, em, and ep. These three finals are used in colloquial Cantonese words, such as deu6, lem2, and gep9.
- To represent tones, only tone numbers are used in Cantonese Pinyin while Yale originally used tone marks together with the letter h.
Comparison with Jyutping
- The initials: b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, ng, h, s, gw, kw, j, w.
- The vowels: aa, a, e, i, o, u.
- The nasal stops: m, ng.
- The codas: i, u, m, n, ng, p, t, k.
- The vowels oe represent and in Cantonese Pinyin while eo and oe represent and respectively in Jyutping.
- The vowel y represents in Cantonese Pinyin while both yu and i are used in Jyutping.
- The initial dz represents in Cantonese Pinyin while z is used instead in Jyutping.
- The initial ts represents in Cantonese Pinyin while c is used instead in Jyutping.
- To represent tones, numbers 1 to 9 are usually used in Cantonese Pinyin, although to use 1, 3, 6 to replace 7, 8, 9 is acceptable. However, only numbers 1 to 6 are used in Jyutping.
Examples