Carbide


In chemistry, a carbide usually describes a compound composed of carbon and a metal. In metallurgy, carbiding or carburizing is the process for producing carbide coatings on a metal piece.

Interstitial / Metallic carbides

The carbides of the group 4, 5 and 6 transition metals are often described as interstitial compounds. These carbides have metallic properties and are refractory. Some exhibit a range of stoichiometries, being a non-stoichiometric mixture of various carbides arising due to crystal defects. Some of them e.g. titanium carbide, TiC and tungsten carbide are important industrially and are used to coat metals in cutting tools.
The long-held view is that the carbon atoms fit into octahedral interstices in a close-packed metal lattice when the metal atom radius is greater than approximately 135 pm:
The following table shows actual structures of the metals and their carbides. The notation "h/2" refers to the M2C type structure described above, which is only an approximate description of the actual structures. The simple view that the lattice of the pure metal "absorbs" carbon atoms can be seen to be untrue as the packing of the metal atom lattice in the carbides is different from the packing in the pure metal, although it is technically correct that the carbon atoms fit into the octahedral interstices of a close-packed metal lattice.
MetalStructure of pure metalMetallic
radius 		MC
metal atom packing		MC structureM2C
metal atom packing		M2C structureOther carbides
titaniumhcp147ccprock salt
zirconiumhcp160ccprock salt
hafniumhcp159ccprock salt
vanadiumbcc134ccprock salthcph/2V4C3
niobiumbcc146ccprock salthcph/2Nb4C3
tantalumbcc146ccprock salthcph/2Ta4C3
chromiumbcc128Cr23C6, Cr3C,
Cr7C3, Cr3C2
molybdenumbcc139hexagonalhcph/2Mo3C2
tungstenbcc139hexagonalhcph/2

For a long time the non-stoichiometric phases were believed to be disordered with a random filling of the interstices, however short and longer range ordering has been detected.
Iron forms a number of carbides, Fe3C, Fe7C3 and Fe2C. The best known is cementite, Fe3C, which is present in steels. These carbides are more reactive than the interstitial carbides; for example, the carbides of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni are all hydrolysed by dilute acids and sometimes by water, to give a mixture of hydrogen and hydrocarbons. These compounds share features with both the inert interstitials and the more reactive salt-like carbides.
Some metals, such as lead and tin, are believed not to form carbides under any circumstances. There exists however a mixed titanium-tin carbide, which is a two-dimensional conductor.

Chemical classification of carbides

Carbides can be generally classified by the chemical bonds type as follows: salt-like, covalent compounds, interstitial compounds, and "intermediate" transition metal carbides. Examples include calcium carbide, silicon carbide, tungsten carbide, and cementite, each used in key industrial applications. The naming of ionic carbides is not systematic.

Salt-like / saline / ionic carbides

Salt-like carbides are composed of highly electropositive elements such as the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and group 3 metals, including scandium, yttrium, and lanthanum. Aluminium from group 13 forms carbides, but gallium, indium, and thallium do not. These materials feature isolated carbon centers, often described as "C4−", in the methanides or methides; two-atom units, "", in the acetylides; and three-atom units, "", in the allylides. The graphite intercalation compound KC8, prepared from vapour of potassium and graphite, and the alkali metal derivatives of C60 are not usually classified as carbides.

Methanides

Methanides are a subset of carbides distinguished by their tendency to decompose in water producing methane. Three examples are aluminium carbide , magnesium carbide and beryllium carbide.
Transition metal carbides are not saline carbides but their reaction with water is very slow and is usually neglected. For example, depending on surface porosity, 5–30 atomic layers of titanium carbide are hydrolyzed, forming methane within 5 minutes at ambient conditions, following by saturation of the reaction.
Note that methanide in this context is a trivial historical name. According to the IUPAC systematic naming conventions, a compound such as NaCH3 would be termed a "methanide", although this compound is often called methylsodium.

Acetylides / Ethynides

Several carbides are assumed to be salts of the acetylide anion C22– , which has a triple bond between the two carbon atoms. Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and lanthanoid metals form acetylides, e.g., sodium carbide Na2C2, calcium carbide CaC2, and LaC2. Lanthanides also form carbides with formula M2C3. Metals from group 11 also tend to form acetylides, such as copper acetylide and silver acetylide. Carbides of the actinide elements, which have stoichiometry MC2 and M2C3, are also described as salt-like derivatives of.
The C-C triple bond length ranges from 119.2 pm in CaC2, to 130.3 pm in LaC2 and 134 pm in UC2. The bonding in LaC2 has been described in terms of LaIII with the extra electron delocalised into the antibonding orbital on, explaining the metallic conduction.

Allylides

The polyatomic ion, sometimes called allylide, is found in Li4C3 and Mg2C3. The ion is linear and is isoelectronic with CO2. The C-C distance in Mg2C3 is 133.2 pm. Mg2C3 yields methylacetylene, CH3CCH, and propadiene, CH2CCH2, on hydrolysis, which was the first indication that it contains.

Covalent carbides

The carbides of silicon and boron are described as "covalent carbides", although virtually all compounds of carbon exhibit some covalent character. Silicon carbide has two similar crystalline forms, which are both related to the diamond structure. Boron carbide, B4C, on the other hand, has an unusual structure which includes icosahedral boron units linked by carbon atoms. In this respect boron carbide is similar to the boron rich borides. Both silicon carbide and boron carbide are very hard materials and refractory. Both materials are important industrially. Boron also forms other covalent carbides, e.g. B25C.

Molecular carbides

Metal complexes containing C are known as metal carbido complexes. Most common are carbon-centered octahedral clusters, such as 2+ and 2−. Similar species are known for the metal carbonyls and the early metal halides. A few terminal carbides have been isolated, e.g., .
Metallocarbohedrynes are stable clusters with the general formula where M is a transition metal.

Related materials

In addition to the carbides, other groups of related carbon compounds exist: