Cardinal mark
A cardinal mark is a sea mark used in maritime pilotage to indicate the position of a hazard and the direction of safe water.
Cardinal marks indicate the direction of safety as a cardinal direction relative to the mark. This makes them meaningful regardless of the direction or position of the approaching vessel, in contrast to the lateral mark system.
Characteristics
The characteristics and meanings of cardinal marks are as defined by the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities.A cardinal mark indicates one of the four compass directions by:
- the direction of its two conical top-marks, which can both point up, indicating north; down, indicating south; towards each other, indicating west; or away from each other, indicating east
- its distinctive pattern of black and yellow stripes, which follows the orientation of the cones - the black stripe is in the position pointed to by the cones
- optionally, its distinctive sequence of flashing light, which consists of a sequence of quick or very quick flashes whose number gives the clockface position which corresponds to the direction of the cardinal
| Characteristic | North | South | East | West |
| Topmark | Both cones point upwards | Both cones point downwards | Cones point away from each other | cones point towards each other |
| Colour | Black above yellow | Yellow above black | Yellow horizontal band on a black body | Black horizontal band on a yellow body |
| Light | Continuous flashes | 6 quick flashes + 1 long flash | 3 flashes | 9 flashes |
Either a quick or a very quick sequence of light flashes may be used; the choice allows for two similar nearby marks to be uniquely identified by their lights.
A cardinal mark may be used to accomplish the following:
- Indicate that the deepest water is an area on the named side of the mark
- Indicate the safe side on which to pass a danger
- Draw attention to a feature in a channel, such as a bend, junction, branch, or end of a shoal
- Draw attention to a new danger such as a grounded ship. In such cases two equal marks are often placed together to indicate that it's a newly marked danger and is not yet printed in official charts.
- Sometimes a Cardinal Mark can be used instead of a Special mark to indicate a spoil ground, or an outfall pipe for example. A few examples can be seen on the South Coast of England and in Northern France.
Mnemonics
- The topmarks for east and west "follow the Sun"—the top cone points in the direction in which the Sun appears to move, while the bottom cone points in the direction in which its reflection on the ocean surface appears to move. That is, the Sun and its reflection move away from each other on rising and toward each other on setting.
- East looks like an Easter egg. The western mark has a pinched waist: "Western women have wasp waists".
- East looks like a classical letter E/epsilon. The western mark looks like a "W" on its side, or "West winds wool"
- East is larger around the middle: "Equatorially enlarged". West is a woman's waist.