Causation (sociology)


Causation is a belief that events occur in predictable ways and that one event leads to another. If the relationship between the variables is non-spurious, the temporal order is in line, and the study is longitudinal, it may be deduced that it is a causal relationship.

A functionalist theory of causation

Causation relates to moral and legal rules. Human society exercises social control and keeping society functional by enforcing rules. For rules to work society must be held accountable for their actions. all societies excluding animalistic ones have a concept of causality. Causality imposes moral obligations.
Max Weber identifies two types of causation;
  1. x is held to be the cause, y the effect. i.e., x produces y, according to the definition of causality
  2. x and y refer to classes of concrete phenomena rather that to singular phenomena themselves; or to classes of properties for the phenomena rather than the properties themselves.
  3. hence x and y permit of greater or lesser abstractedness
  4. the more abstract x or y, the more variables are covered by it. If a limited system of variables is assumed, the categories of x and y can be made relatively inclusive and thus reduce the number of unaccounted variables, and vice versa
  5. however, the more concrete x or y, the easier it is identifiable as a possible ontological cause or affect, but the more difficult it is to be certain of its actual causality or effectiveness; and vice versa, the more abstract x or y, the more difficult it is to identify it as cause or effect, but the less difficult it is to ascertain logically its causality or effectiveness.