Cephalanthus occidentalis Cephalanthus occidentalis is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae , that is native to eastern and southern North America . Common names include buttonbush , common buttonbush , button-willow and honey-bells .Description Cephalanthus occidentalis is a deciduous shrub or small tree that averages in height, but can reach. The leaves are opposite or in whorls of three, elliptic to ovate, long and broad, with a smooth edge and a short petiole . The flowers are arranged in a dense spherical inflorescence in diameter on a short peduncle . Each flower has a fused white to pale yellow four-lobed corolla forming a long slender tube connecting to the sepals. The stigma protrudes slightly from the corolla. The fruit is a spherical cluster of achenes.Taxonomy There are two varieties , not considered distinct by all authorities:Cephalanthus occidentalis var. occidentalis – common buttonbush. Eastern North America from Nova Scotia west to Minnesota and south to Florida and eastern Texas .Cephalanthus occidentalis var. californicus – California button-willow. Southwestern North America, from western Texas west to California and south to Mexico and Central America .Habitat Buttonbush is a common shrub of many wetland habitats in its range, including swamps, floodplains, mangrove , pocosin , riparian zones , and moist forest understory . It is a member of the flora in the Everglades .Ecology and other birds eat the seeds. Wood ducks utilize the plant as nest protection , and mallards eat the fruit. Deer browse the foliage, which is poisonous to livestock. Insects and hummingbirds take the nectar , with bees using it to make honey . It is a larval host to the hydrangea sphinx , the royal walnut moth , and the titan sphinx .Distribution The species occurs in eastern North America with disjunct populations occurring in the west . In Canada , it occurs from southern Ontario and Quebec east to New Brunswick and south-western Nova Scotia. Besides the eastern United States , and eastern regions of the Midwest , notable areas range into Arizona , the Mogollon Rim , and other mountain ranges ; in California, the entire San Joaquin Valley West of the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains , only western Texas, Arizona, and California find C. occidentalis .Uses Medicinal Cephalanthus occidentalis has a number of historical medicinal uses, but it is also toxic due to the presence of cephalathin .Cultivation Buttonbush is cultivated as an ornamental plant for a nectar source or 'honey plant' and for aesthetics in gardens and native plant landscapes, and is planted on slopes to help control erosion . Buttonbush is a suitable shrub for butterfly gardens.The town of Buttonwillow, California was named for the buttonbush. A lone buttonbush served as a landmark on an old trans-San Joaquin Valley trail, and was used by ancient Yokut Indians as a meeting place . It later became the site of settlers' stock rodeos. This buttonbush tree is listed as California Historical Landmark No. 492, and is now known as the "Buttonwillow Tree."
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