Chaetothyriales is an order of ascomycetousfungi within the class Eurotiomycetes and within the subphylumPezizomycotina. A disease entity that is largely confined to Chaetothyriales is primary cerebral infection in immunocompromised or immunocompetent individuals, i.e., cerebritis in which the first symptoms of disease are of a neurologic nature. Hyphal elements that show melanization either directly or after Fontana-Masson staining are observed in abscesses in the brain parenchyma. The portal of entry may be the lung, but frequently symptoms are confined to the brain. Five species account for most nontraumatic brain infections. Cladophialophora bantiana has caused about one-third of the cases in otherwise healthy individuals. Chaetothyriales genus informations: Cladophialophora arxii bantiana boppii carrionii devriesii emmonsii modesta mycetomatis samoënsis saturnica Catenate, dry conidia and an absence of differentiated conidiophores characterize Cladophialophora. This genus contains 10 pathogenic species, 7 of which are almost exclusively known from humans and other warmblooded animals. The most significant species are Cladophialophora bantiana and C. carrionii. C. bantiana, a remarkable neurotropic mould, is recognizable by very long, coherent, poorly branched conidial chains and by an ability to grow at 40°C. C. carrionii is a common agent of chromoblastomycosis, with small conidia in profusely branched chains. Exophiala asiatica attenuata bergeri dermatitidis jeanselmei oligosperma phaeomuriformis spinifera xenobiotica Fonsecaea monophora nubica multimorphosa pedrosoi The four species known characterized by conidia produced in chains of maximally four, are all humanpathogens. In culture, Fonsecaea species mostly have one morphological form, but they may produce additional phialides with collarettes releasing balls of one-celled conidia. No buddingcells are produced on routine media. Fonsecaea pedrosoi is one of the etiologic agents of human chromoblastomycosis. The other agents of this disease, F. monophora and F. nubica, are morphologically indistinguishable. F. multimorphosa was described from a cerebral infection in a cat.
Phialophora americana europaea verrucosa Rhinocladiella mackenziei basitona aquaspersa similis
