In algebra, given a ring homomorphism, there are three ways to change the coefficient ring of a module; namely, for a left R-module M and a left S-module N,
, the induced module.
, the coinduced module.
, the restriction of scalars.
They are related as adjoint functors: and This is related to Shapiro's lemma.
Operations
Restriction of scalars
Throughout this section, let and be two rings, and let be a homomorphism. Restriction of scalars changes S-modules into R-modules. In algebraic geometry, the term "restriction of scalars" is often used as a synonym for Weil restriction.
Definition
Suppose that is a module over. Then it can be regarded as a module over where the action of is given via where denotes the action defined by the -module structure on.
Restriction of scalars can be viewed as a functor from -modules to -modules. An -homomorphism automatically becomes an -homomorphism between the restrictions of and. Indeed, if and, then As a functor, restriction of scalars is the right adjoint of the extension of scalars functor. If is the ring of integers, then this is just the forgetful functor from modules to abelian groups.
Extension of scalars
Extension of scalars changes R-modules into S-modules.
Definition
Let be a homomorphism between two rings, and let be a module over. Consider the tensor product, where is regarded as a left -module via. Since is also a right module over itself, and the two actions commute, that is for, , inherits a right action of. It is given by for,. This module is said to be obtained from through extension of scalars. Informally, extension of scalars is "the tensor product of a ring and a module"; more formally, it is a special case of a tensor product of a bimodule and a module – the tensor product of an R-module with an bimodule is an S-module.
Examples
One of the simplest examples is complexification, which is extension of scalars from the real numbers to the complex numbers. More generally, given any field extensionK < L, one can extend scalars from K to L. In the language of fields, a module over a field is called a vector space, and thus extension of scalars converts a vector space over K to a vector space over L. This can also be done for division algebras, as is done in quaternionification. More generally, given a homomorphism from a field or commutative ring R to a ring S,the ringS can be thought of as an associative algebra over R, and thus when one extends scalars on an R-module, the resulting module can be thought of alternatively as an S-module, or as an R-module with an algebra representation of S. For example, the result of complexifying a real vector space can be interpreted either as a complex vector space or as a real vector space with a linear complex structure.
Applications
This generalization is useful even for the study of fields – notably, many algebraic objects associated to a field are not themselves fields, but are instead rings, such as algebras over a field, as in representation theory. Just as one can extend scalars on vector spaces, one can also extend scalars on group algebras and also on modules over group algebras, i.e., group representations. Particularly useful is relating how irreducible representations change under extension of scalars – for example, the representation of the cyclic group of order 4, given by rotation of the plane by 90°, is an irreducible 2-dimensional real representation, but on extension of scalars to the complex numbers, it split into 2 complex representations of dimension 1. This corresponds to the fact that the characteristic polynomial of this operator, is irreducible of degree 2 over the reals, but factors into 2 factors of degree 1 over the complex numbers – it has no real eigenvalues, but 2 complex eigenvalues.
Interpretation as a functor
Extension of scalars can be interpreted as a functor from -modules to -modules. It sends to, as above, and an -homomorphism to the -homomorphism defined by.
Co-extension of scalars (coinduced module)
Relation between the extension of scalars and the restriction of scalars
Consider an -module and an -module. Given a homomorphism, define to be the composition where the last map is. This is an -homomorphism, and hence is well-defined, and is a homomorphism. In case both and have an identity, there is an inverse homomorphism, which is defined as follows. Let. Then is the composition where the first map is the canonical isomorphism. This construction shows that the groups and are isomorphic. Actually, this isomorphism depends only on the homomorphism, and so is functorial. In the language of category theory, the extension of scalars functor is left adjoint to the restriction of scalars functor.
