Charlotte Hayes was a highly successful brothel keeper in early Georgian London, and the owner of some of the city's most luxurious brothels in and around King's Place, in St James's.
Biography
Although the precise details of Hayes's early life are unknown, it is believed she was born in Genoa to the courtesan and brothel keeper, Elizabeth Ward. In her early career as a prostitute, she was known as Charlotte Ward. Eventually, she would grow to be considered one of the most desirable 'women of the town', along with Lucy Cooper and Fanny Murray. It is unknown why or when she adopted the surname of Hayes. In the 1750s, Charlotte had two fairly well-documented liaisons; one with Robert 'Beau' Tracy, the wealthy son of a judge, and another with his friend, Samuel Derrick, an impoverished Irish poet who became the author of Harris's List ofCovent Garden Ladies. Upon Derrick's death in 1769 he was buried at St Peter and St Paul's church, Bath, on 2 April 1769, according to its parish register, and bequeathed the profits of the final edition of Harris's List to her. In spite of her success as a brothel keeper, first in Soho, at Berwick Street and Great Marlborough Street, and then in St James's, at King's Street, King's Place, and Arlington Street, Hayes was committed to debtors' prisons on several occasions. Fergus Linnane writes that Hayes was committed to the Marshalsea prison in 1776 for refusing to pay £50 to a bankrupt lacemaker. During her stay in the Fleet Prison in the late 1750s, she met Dennis O'Kelly who became her partner in life as well as in business. Contrary to popular belief, Hayes and O'Kelly never married, but lived as common law husband and wife. In her later years she chose to be known as Mrs O'Kelly or Charlotte Kelly. Dennis O'Kelly was a professional gambler and race horse owner and eventually made his fortune through the purchase of the prize winning stallion, Eclipse. With the money he earned through breeding Eclipse, and that Charlotte earned through running several brothels, the couple were able to purchase two estates, Clay Hill outside of Epsom, and later Canons Park, in addition to numerous properties throughout St James. It is believed that Charlotte's enterprise was worth £20,000 but that collectively, she and Dennis O'Kelly owned assets worth £70,000 by the early 1780s. After Dennis' death in 1787, Charlotte's health began to decline. Correspondence between Dennis O'Kelly's family members seem to indicate that her mental state had begun to suffer. Towards the end of her life, Charlotte once more found herself in financial difficulties and was committed to debtors' prison again in 1798. This time, Dennis O'Kelly's nephew, Andrew O'Kelly bailed her out, but only on the condition that she sign over to him all her assets. She died in unknown circumstances in 1813.
Studies
Hayes's story is told in detail in Hallie Rubenhold's The Covent Garden Ladies, as well as in Nicholas Clee's Eclipse: the Story of the Rogue, the Madam and the Horse That Changed Racing. It is also discussed in Fergus Linnane's, London, the Wicked City, as well as in several books by E. J. Burford. The TV series, Harlots, drew from Hayes' lifetime for its plot.
