Chemical symbol

Chemical symbols are abbreviations used in chemistry for chemical elements, functional groups and chemical compounds. Element symbols for chemical elements normally consist of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet and are written with the first letter capitalised.
Earlier symbols for chemical elements stem from classical Latin and Greek vocabulary. For some elements, this is because the material was known in ancient times, while for others, the name is a more recent invention. For example, Pb is the symbol for lead ; Hg is the symbol for mercury ; and He is the symbol for helium because helium was not known in ancient Roman times. Some symbols come from other sources, like W for tungsten which was not known in Roman times.
A 3-letter temporary symbol may be assigned to a newly synthesized element. For example, "Uno" was the temporary symbol for hassium which had the temporary name of unniloctium, based on its atomic number being 8 greater than 100. There are also some historical symbols that are no longer officially used.
In addition to the letters for the element itself, additional details may be added to the symbol as superscripts or subscripts a particular isotope, ionization, or oxidation state, or other atomic detail. A few isotopes have their own specific symbols rather than just an isotopic detail added to their element symbol.
Attached subscripts or superscripts specifying a nuclide or molecule have the following meanings and positions:

The nucleon number is shown in the left superscript position. This number defines the specific isotope. Various letters, such as "m" and "f" may also be used here to indicate a nuclear isomer. Alternately, the number here can represent a specific spin state. These details can be omitted if not relevant in a certain context.
The proton number may be indicated in the left subscript position. The atomic number is redundant to the chemical element, but is sometimes used to emphasize the change of numbers of nucleons in a nuclear reaction.
If necessary, a state of ionization or an excited state may be indicated in the right superscript position.
The number of atoms of an element in a molecule or chemical compound is shown in the right subscript position. If this number is one, it is normally omitted - the number one is implicitly understood if unspecified.
A radical is indicated by a dot on the right side. This is often omitted unless relevant to a certain context because it is already deducible from the charge and atomic number, as generally true for nonbonded valence electrons in skeletal structures.

In Chinese, each chemical element has a dedicated character, usually created for the purpose. However, Latin symbols are also used, especially in formulas.
Many functional groups also have their own chemical symbol, e.g. Ph for the phenyl group, and Me for the methyl group.
, elements being denoted by their symbols
A list of current, dated, as well as proposed and historical signs and symbols is included here with its signification. Also given is each element's atomic number, atomic weight, or the atomic mass of the most stable isotope, group and period numbers on the periodic table, and etymology of the symbol.
Hazard pictographs are another type of symbols used in chemistry.

Symbols for chemical elements

Antimatter atoms are denoted by a bar above the symbol for their matter counterpart, so e.g. H is the symbol for antihydrogen.

Symbols and names not currently used

The following is a list of symbols and names formerly used or suggested for elements, including symbols for placeholder names and names given by discredited claimants for discovery.

Chemical symbol	Name	Atomic number	Origin of symbol	Why not used	Refs
A	Argon	18	A used for Argon until 1957. Current symbol is Ar.
Ab	Alabamine	85	Discredited claim to discovery of astatine.
Ad	Aldebaranium	70	Former name for ytterbium.
Ah	Anglohelvetium	85	Discredited claim to discovery of astatine.
Ak	Alkalinium	87	Discredited claim to discovery of francium.
Am	Alabamine	85	Discredited claim to discovery of astatine. The symbol is now used for americium.
An	Athenium	99	Proposed name for einsteinium.
Ao	Ausonium	93	Discredited claim to discovery of neptunium.
Az	Azote	7	Former name for nitrogen.
Bo	Boron	5	Current symbol is B.
Bv	Brevium	91	Former name for protactinium.
Bz	Berzelium	90	Baskerville wrongly believed berzelium to be a new element. Was actually thorium.
Cb	Columbium	41	Former name for niobium.
Ch	Chromium	24	Current symbol is Cr.
Cl	Columbium	41	Former name for niobium. The symbol is now used for chlorine.
Cm	Catium	87	Proposed name for francium. The symbol is now used for curium.
Cn	Carolinium	90	Baskerville wrongly believed carolinium to be a new element. Was actually thorium. The symbol is now used for copernicium.
Cp	Cassiopeium	71	Former name for lutetium.
Cp	Copernicium	112	Current symbol is Cn.
Ct	Celtium	72	Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium.
Ct	Centurium	100	Proposed name for fermium.
D	Didymium	59/60	Mixture of the elements praseodymium and neodymium. Mosander wrongly believed didymium to be an element.
Da	Davyum	43	Discredited claim to discovery of technetium.
Db	Dubnium	104	Proposed name for rutherfordium. The symbol and name were instead used for element 105.
Di	Didymium	59/60	Mixture of the elements praseodymium and neodymium. Mosander wrongly believed didymium to be an element.
Do	Dor	85	Discredited claim to discovery of astatine.
Ds	Dysprosium	66	Current symbol is Dy. The symbol is now used for darmstadtium.
E	Einsteinium	99	Current symbol is Es.
E	Erbium	68	Current symbol is Er.
Ea	Ekaaluminium	31	Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, gallium closely matched the prediction.
Eb	Ekaboron	21	Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, scandium closely matched the prediction.
El	Ekaaluminium	31	Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, gallium closely matched the prediction.
Em	Ekamanganese	43	Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, technetium closely matched the prediction.
Em	Emanation	86	Also called "radium emanation", the name was originally given by Friedrich Ernst Dorn in 1900. In 1923, this element officially became radon.
Em	Emanium	89	Alternate name formerly proposed for actinium.
Es	Ekasilicon	32	Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, germanium closely matched the prediction. The symbol is now used for einsteinium.
Es	Esperium	94	Discredited claim to discovery of plutonium. The symbol is now used for einsteinium.
Fa	Francium	87	Current symbol is Fr.
Fl	Florentium	61	Discredited claim to discovery of promethium. The symbol is now used for flerovium.
Fl	Fluorine	9	Current symbol is F. The symbol is now used for flerovium.
Fr	Florentium	61	Discredited claim to discovery of promethium. The symbol is now used for francium.
G	Glucinium	4	Former name for beryllium.
Gl	Glucinium	4	Former name for beryllium.
Ha	Hahnium	105	Proposed name for dubnium.
Hn	Hahnium	108	Proposed name for hassium.
Hv	Helvetium	85	Discredited claim to discovery of astatine.
Hy	Mercury	80	Hy from the Greek hydrargyrum for "liquid silver". Current symbol is Hg.
I	Iridium	77	Current symbol is Ir. The symbol is now used for iodine.
Il	Illinium	61	Discredited claim to discovery of promethium.
J	Jodium	53	Former name for iodine.
Jg	Jargonium	72	Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium.
Jl	Joliotium	105	Proposed name for dubnium.
Ka	Potassium	19	Current symbol is K.
Ku	Kurchatovium	104	Proposed name for rutherfordium.
L	Lithium	3	Current symbol is Li.
Lw	Lawrencium	103	Current symbol is Lr.
M	Muriaticum	17	Former name for chlorine.
Ma	Manganese	25	Current symbol is Mn.
Ma	Masurium	43	Disputed claim to discovery of technetium.
Md	Mendelevium	97	Proposed name for berkelium. The symbol and name were later used for element 101.
Ml	Moldavium	87	Discredited claim to discovery of francium.
Ms	Magnesium	12	Current symbol is Mg.
Ms	Masurium	43	Disputed claim to discovery of technetium.
Mv	Mendelevium	101	Current symbol is Md.
Ng	Norwegium	72	Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium.
No	Norium	72	Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium. The symbol is now used for nobelium.
Np	Nipponium	43	Discredited claim to discovery of technetium. The symbol is now used for neptunium.
Ns	Nielsbohrium	105	Proposed name for dubnium.
Ns	Nielsbohrium	107	Proposed name for bohrium.
Nt	Niton	86	Former name for radon.
Ny	Neoytterbium	70	Former name for ytterbium.
P	Lead	82	Current symbol is Pb. The symbol is now used for phosphorus.
Pa	Palladium	46	Current symbol is Pd. The symbol is now used for protactinium.
Pe	Pelopium	41	Former name for niobium.
Pl	Palladium	46	Current symbol is Pd.
Po	Potassium	19	Current symbol is K. The symbol is now used for polonium.
R	Rhodium	45	Current symbol is Rh.
Rd	Radium	88	Current symbol is Ra.
Rf	Rutherfordium	106	Proposed name for seaborgium. The symbol and name were instead used for element 104.
Ro	Rhodium	45	Current symbol is Rh.
Sa	Samarium	62	Current symbol is Sm.
So	Sodium	11	Current symbol is Na.
St	Antimony	51	Current symbol is Sb.
St	Tin	50	Current symbol is Sn.
Tn	Tungsten	74	Current symbol is W.
Tr	Terbium	65	Current symbol is Tb.
Tu	Thulium	69	Current symbol is Tm.
Tu	Tungsten	74	Current symbol is W.
Unb	Unnilbium	102	Temporary name given to nobelium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
Une	Unnilennium	109	Temporary name given to meitnerium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
Unh	Unnilhexium	106	Temporary name given to seaborgium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
Uno	Unniloctium	108	Temporary name given to hassium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
Unp	Unnilpentium	105	Temporary name given to dubnium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
Unq	Unnilquadium	104	Temporary name given to rutherfordium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
Uns	Unnilseptium	107	Temporary name given to bohrium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
Unt	Unniltrium	103	Temporary name given to lawrencium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
Unu	Unnilunium	101	Temporary name given to mendelevium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
Uub	Ununbium	112	Temporary name given to copernicium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
Uuh	Ununhexium	116	Temporary name given to livermorium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
Uun	Ununnilium	110	Temporary name given to darmstadtium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
Uuo	Ununoctium	118	Temporary name given to oganesson until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
Uup	Ununpentium	115	Temporary name given to moscovium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
Uuq	Ununquadium	114	Temporary name given to flerovium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
Uus	Ununseptium	117	Temporary name given to tennessine until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
Uut	Ununtrium	113	Temporary name given to nihonium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
Uuu	Unununium	111	Temporary name given to roentgenium until it was permanently named by IUPAC.
Ur	Uranium	92	Current symbol is U.
Vi	Virginium	87	Discredited claim to discovery of francium.
Vm	Virginium	87	Discredited claim to discovery of francium.
Va	Vanadium	23	Current symbol is V.
Wo	Tungsten	74	Current symbol is W.
X	Xenon	54	Current symbol is Xe. The symbol is now used for halogens.
Yt	Yttrium	39	Current symbol is Y.

Pictographic symbols

The following is a list of pictographic symbols employed to symbolize elements known since ancient times. Not included in this list are symbolic representations of substances previously called elements which are known today to be multi-atomic. Also not included are symbolic representations currently used for elements in other languages such as the Chinese characters for elements. Modern alphabetic notation was introduced in 1814 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius.

Chemical symbol	Original name	Modern name	Atomic number	Origin of symbol
☉	Hydrogen	Hydrogen	1	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
⬤	Carbon	Carbon	6	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
⦶	Azote	Nitrogen	7	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
◯	Oxygen	Oxygen	8	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
⦷	Soda	Sodium	11	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
⊛	Magnesium	Magnesium	12	Alchemical symbol. Also adopted as the symbol for Magnesium by Dalton in 1808.
?	Silicon	Silicon	14	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
	Sulfur	Sulfur	16	Alchemical symbol.
	Pallas	Sulfur	16	Alchemical symbol.
?	Sulfur	Sulfur	16	Alchemical symbol.
ⴲ	Sulfur	Sulfur	16	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
⦾	Calcium	Calcium	20	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
♂	Mars	Iron	26	Alchemical symbol.
Ⓘ	Iron	Iron	26	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
Ⓝ	Nickel	Nickel	28	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
	Stellae Fixae	Copper	29	Pre–16th-century alchemical symbol.
♀	Venus	Copper	29	Alchemical symbol.
	Copper	Copper	29	Alchemical symbol.
Ⓒ	Copper	Copper	29	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
Ⓩ	Zinc	Zinc	30	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
	Arsenic	Arsenic	33	Alchemical symbol.
?	Arsenic	Arsenic	33	Alchemical symbol.
⊕	Yttrium	Yttrium	39	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
☽	Luna	Silver	47	Alchemical symbol.
?	Silver	Silver	47	Alchemical symbol.
Ⓢ	Silver	Silver	47	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
♃	Iupiter	Tin	50	Alchemical symbol.
Ⓣ	Tin	Tin	50	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
♁	Antimony	Antimony	51	Alchemical symbol.
☉☾	Platinum	Platinum	78	Alchemical symbol.
⛢	Uranus	Platinum	78	Alchemical symbol.
Ⓟ	Platinum	Platinum	78	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
☼	Sol	Gold	79	Alchemical symbol from the 16th century.
☉	Sol	Gold	79	Alchemical symbol from 1700 through 1783.
?	Gold	Gold	79	Alchemical symbol.
Ⓖ	Gold	Gold	79	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
♓︎	Pisces	Mercury	80	Pre–16th-century alchemical symbol.
♆	Neptunus	Mercury	80	Alchemical symbol from the 17th century.
☿	Mercurius	Mercury	80	Alchemical symbol from 1700 through 1783.
♄	Saturnus	Lead	82	Alchemical symbol circa 1783.
Ⓛ	Lead	Lead	82	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
♉︎	Taurus	Bismuth	83	Alchemical symbol.
Ⓑ	Bismuth	Bismuth	83	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
Ⓤ	Uranium	Uranium	92	Daltonian symbol circa 1808.

Symbols for named isotopes

The following is a list of isotopes of elements given in the previous tables which have been designated unique symbols. By this it is meant that a comprehensive list of current systematic symbols are not included in the list and can instead be found in the chart. The symbols for the named isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium are still in use today, as is thoron for radon-220. Heavy water and other deuterated solvents are commonly used in chemistry, and it is convenient to use a single character rather than a symbol with a subscript in these cases. The practice also continues with tritium compounds. When the name of the solvent is given, a lowercase d is sometimes used. For example, d₆-benzene and C₆D₆ can be used instead of C₆H₆.
The symbols for isotopes of elements other than hydrogen and radon are no longer in use within the scientific community. Many of these symbols were designated during the early years of radiochemistry, and several isotopes bear placeholder names using the early naming system devised by Ernest Rutherford.

Chemical symbol	Name	Atomic number	Origin of symbol
Ac	Actinium	89	From the Greek aktinos. Name restricted at one time to ²²⁷Ac, an isotope of actinium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 89.
AcA	Actinium A	84	From actinium and A. Placeholder name given at one time to ²¹⁵Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of actinium.
AcB	Actinium B	82	From actinium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to ²¹¹Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of actinium.
AcC	Actinium C	83	From actinium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to ²¹¹Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of actinium.
AcC'	Actinium C'	84	From actinium and C'. Placeholder name given at one time to ²¹¹Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of actinium.
AcC"	Actinium C"	81	From actinium and C". Placeholder name given at one time to ²⁰⁷Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of actinium.
AcK	Actinium K	87	Name given at one time to ²²³Fr, an isotope of francium identified in the decay chain of actinium.
AcU	Actino-uranium	92	Name given at one time to ²³⁵U, an isotope of uranium.
AcX	Actinium X	88	Name given at one time to ²²³Ra, an isotope of radium identified in the decay chain of actinium.
An	Actinon	86	From actinium and emanation. Name given at one time to ²¹⁹Rn, an isotope of radon identified in the decay chain of actinium.
D	Deuterium	1	From the Greek deuteros. Name given to ²H.
Io	Ionium	90	Name given to ²³⁰Th, an isotope of thorium identified in the decay chain of uranium.
MsTh₁	Mesothorium 1	88	Name given at one time to ²²⁸Ra, an isotope of radium.
MsTh₂	Mesothorium 2	89	Name given at one time to ²²⁸Ac, an isotope of actinium.
Pa	Protactinium	91	From the Greek protos and actinium. Name restricted at one time to ²³¹Pa, an isotope of protactinium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 91.
Ra	Radium	88	From the Latin radius. Name restricted at one time to ²²⁶Ra, an isotope of radium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 88.
RaA	Radium A	84	From radium and A. Placeholder name given at one time to ²¹⁸Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of radium.
RaB	Radium B	82	From radium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to ²¹⁴Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of radium.
RaC	Radium C	83	From radium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to ²¹⁴Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of radium.
RaC'	Radium C'	84	From radium and C'. Placeholder name given at one time to ²¹⁴Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of radium.
RaC"	Radium C"	81	From radium and C". Placeholder name given at one time to ²¹⁰Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of radium.
RaD	Radium D	82	From radium and D. Placeholder name given at one time to ²¹⁰Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of radium.
RaE	Radium E	83	From radium and E. Placeholder name given at one time to ²¹⁰Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of radium.
RaE"	Radium E"	81	From radium and E". Placeholder name given at one time to ²⁰⁶Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of radium.
RaF	Radium F	84	From radium and F. Placeholder name given at one time to ²¹⁰Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of radium.
RdAc	Radioactinium	90	Name given at one time to ²²⁷Th, an isotope of thorium.
RdTh	Radiothorium	90	Name given at one time to ²²⁸Th, an isotope of thorium.
Rn	Radon	86	From radium and emanation. Name restricted at one time to ²²²Rn, an isotope of radon identified in the decay chain of radium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 86 in 1923.
T	Tritium	1	From the Greek tritos. Name given to ³H.
Th	Thorium	90	After Thor. Name restricted at one time to ²³²Th, an isotope of thorium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 90.
ThA	Thorium A	84	From thorium and A. Placeholder name given at one time to ²¹⁶Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of thorium.
ThB	Thorium B	82	From thorium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to ²¹²Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of thorium.
ThC	Thorium C	83	From thorium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to ²¹²Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of thorium.
ThC'	Thorium C'	84	From thorium and C'. Placeholder name given at one time to ²¹²Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of thorium.
ThC"	Thorium C"	81	From thorium and C". Placeholder name given at one time to ²⁰⁸Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of thorium.
ThX	Thorium X	88	Name given at one time to ²²⁴Ra, an isotope of radium identified in the decay chain of thorium.
Tn	Thoron	86	From thorium and emanation. Name given at one time to ²²⁰Rn, an isotope of radon identified in the decay chain of thorium.
UI	Uranium I	92	Name given at one time to ²³⁸U, an isotope of uranium.
UII	Uranium II	92	Name given at one time to ²³⁴U, an isotope of uranium.
UX₁	Uranium X₁	90	Name given at one time to ²³⁴Th, an isotope of thorium identified in the decay chain of uranium.
UX₂	Uranium X₂	91	Name given at one time to ^234mPa, an isotope of protactinium identified in the decay chain of uranium.
UY	Uranium Y	90	Name given at one time to ²³¹Th, an isotope of thorium identified in the decay chain of uranium.
UZ	Uranium Z	91	Name given at one time to ²³⁴Pa, an isotope of protactinium identified in the decay chain of uranium.

Other symbols

General:

A: A deprotonated acid or an anion
An: any actinide
B: A base, often in the context of Lewis acid–base theory or Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
E: any element or electrophile
L: any ligand
Ln: any lanthanide
M: any metal
Mm: mischmetall
Ng: any noble gas
Nu: any nucleophile
R: any unspecified radical not important to the discussion
St: steel
X: any halogen

From organic chemistry:

Ac: acetyl –
Ad: 1-adamantyl
All: allyl
Am: amyl –
Ar: aryl –
Bn: benzyl
Bs: brosyl or benzenesulfonyl
Bu: butyl
Bz: benzoyl
Cp: cyclopentadienyl
Cp*: pentamethylcyclopentadienyl
Cy: cyclohexyl
Cyp: cyclopentyl
Et: ethyl
Me: methyl
Mes: mesityl
Ms: mesyl
Np: neopentyl –
Ns: nosyl
Pent: pentyl
Ph, Φ: phenyl
Pr: propyl –
R: In organic chemistry contexts, an unspecified "R" is often understood to be an alkyl group
Tf: triflyl
Tr, Trt: trityl
Ts, Tos: tosyl –
Vi: vinyl

Exotic atoms:

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