Early children's literature critics aimed to learn how children read literature specifically so that they could recommend "good books" for children. These early critics were often teachers, librarians and other educationalists. The critics often disagreed about what books they think children would like, and why, and about which books will be "good" for children and why. Though many critics are still child-centric, the discipline has expanded to include other modes of analysis. As children's literature criticism started developing as an academic discipline and McGillis ), children's literature criticism became involved with wider work in literary theory and cultural studies.
Construction of the child
Many children's literature critics now point out that children are not one group, but differ according to gender, ethnicity, religious background, and so on. Feminist children's literature critics such as Lissa Paul therefore try to work out how boys and girls read differently, for instance. Other critics, Perry Nodelman, John Stephens, and Roderick McGillis ) take this idea a step further and argue that children are often "colonized" by adults, including children's literature critics, because adults speak on behalf of children instead of letting children express themselves. However, these critics too can not agree on what then are "true" children expressing themselves, and which books are therefore "good" for them. Finally, a few critics, notably Jacqueline Rose and Karin Lesnik-Oberstein take this discussion even further, arguing that identities are created and not "inherent", and that in the case of an identity such as "childhood" it is created by "adults" in the light of their own perceptions of themselves. That is, "adulthood" defines "childhood" in relation to differences and similarities it perceives to itself. This post-structuralist approach is similar to that argued by critics in gender studies such as Judith Butler and is widely accepted and used in sociological and anthropological studies of childhood.
Textual focus
Many scholars approach children's literature from the perspective of literary studies, examining the text as text without focus on audience. Stephens and McCallum discuss the intertextuality of children's literature, while Rose explores the identifying characteristics of the genre. Nodelman looks at the synthesis of text and illustration in picturebooks.
