China Jinping Underground Laboratory
The China Jinping Underground Laboratory is a deep underground laboratory in the Jinping Mountains of Sichuan, China. The cosmic ray rate in the laboratory is under 0.2 muons/m²/day, placing the lab at a depth of 6720 m.w.e. and making it the best-shielded underground laboratory in the world. The actual depth of the laboratory is, yet there is horizontal access so equipment may be brought in by truck.
Although the marble through which the tunnels are dug is considered "hard rock", at the great depth it presents greater geotechnical engineering challenges than the even harder igneous rocks in which other deep laboratories are constructed. The water pressure in the rock is also inconvenient. But marble has the advantage for radiation shielding of being low in radionuclides, such as 40K, 226Ra, 232Th, and 238U. This in turn leads to low levels of radon in the atmosphere.
The laboratory is in Liangshan in southern Sichuan, about southwest of Chengdu. The closest major airport is Xichang Qingshan Airport, away by road.
History
The Jinping-II Dam hydroelectric power project involved excavating a number of large tunnels under the Jinping Mountains: four large headrace tunnels carrying water east, two vehicular access tunnels, and one water drainage tunnel. Hearing of the excavation in August 2008, physicists at Tsinghua University determined that it would be an excellent location for a deep underground laboratory, and negotiated with the hydropower company to excavate laboratory space in the middle of the tunnels.A formal agreement was signed on 8 May 2009, and excavation was promptly started. The first phase CJPL-I, consisting of a main hall, plus of access tunnel was excavated by May 2010, and construction completed 12 June 2010. A formal laboratory inauguration was held 12 December 2010.
The laboratory is to the south of the southernmost of the seven parallel tunnels, traffic tunnel A.
The air ventilation in CJPL-I was initially inadequate, resulting in the accumulation of dust on the equipment and radon gas in the air until additional ventilation was installed.
A more difficult problem is that the walls of CJPL-I were lined with ordinary concrete taken from the hydroelectric project's supply. This has a natural radioactivity higher than desirable for a low-background laboratory. The second phase of construction uses materials selected for low radioactivity.
CJPL-II expansion
The laboratory is currently undergoing a major expansion. The first phase was rapidly filled, and plans for a second were made quickly, before the excavation workers and equipment departed following completion of the hydroelectric project in 2014.Slightly west of CJPL-I, two bypass tunnels totalling roughly long are left over from constructing the seven tunnels of the hydropower project. They are sloped criss-crossing tunnels which connect the midpoints of the five water tunnels to the road tunnels beside and slightly above them. Totalling, and originally intended to be blocked off after construction, they have been donated to the laboratory and will be used for support facilities.
The expansion has added : some interconnecting access tunnels, four large experimental halls, each, and two pits for shielding tanks below the halls' floors. The China Dark Matter Experiment has a cylindrical pit, deep and in diameter, which will be filled with a liquid nitrogen tank, and PandaX has an elliptical pit for a water shielding tank, and deep.
The halls were complete by the end of 2015,, the pits by May 2016, and as of 2017 are being fitted with ventilation systems and other necessities.
When complete, it will be the world's largest underground laboratory, surpassing the current record-holder the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. Although greater depth and weaker rock force the halls to be narrower than the wide main halls of LNGS, their combined length of provides more floor space than LNGS's three halls totalling.
CJPL's halls also enclose more volume than those of LNGS. CJPL has in the halls proper, and an additional in the shielding pits making a total of, slightly more than LNGS's.
Including the service areas outside the main halls, the result is of usable space, more than LNGS's grand total of. CJPL's total volume of would suggest that CJPL is twice the size, but that would be misleading; all of LNGS's excavation was designed to be a laboratory, and thus can be used more efficiently than CJPL's repurposed tunnels.
| CJPL-I | CJPL-II | |
| Overall volume | ||
| Laboratory area | ||
| Laboratory volume | ||
| Electrical power | 70 kVA | 1250 kVA |
| Fresh air |
Thanks to the laboratory's location within a major hydroelectric facility, additional electrical power is readily available. CJPL-II is supplied by two redundant 10 kV, power cables; available power is temporarily limited by the 5×250 kVA step-down transformers in the laboratory. There is likewise no shortage of water for cooling high-powered equipment.
The muon flux in CJPL-II is currently being measured, and may differ slightly from CJPL-I, but it will certainly remain lower than SNOLAB in Canada and thus retain the record for the world's deepest laboratory as well.
Experiments
Experiments currently operating in CJPL are:- China Dark Matter Experiment, a germanium dark matter detector, and
- PandaX, the Particle and Astrophysical Xenon Detector for dark matter
Experiments currently planned for CJPL-II are:
- a larger, tonne-scale version of CDEX,
- a larger, tonne-scale version of PandaX
- Jinping Underground Nuclear Astrophysics, an experiment to measure the rates of astrophysically important stellar nuclear reactions, and
- a possible liquid argon dark matter detector.
- Jinping Neutrino Experiment, an experiment taking advantage of CJPL's location far from nuclear reactors, and thus having the lowest flux of reactor neutrinos of any underground laboratory, to do precision measurements of solar- and geoneutrinos,,
- CUPID, a neutrinoless double beta decay experiment, and
- a directional dark matter detector by the MIMAC collaboration, as a follow-on to their detector currently operating at the Modane Underground Laboratory.