The climate of the Chiquitano dry forests is tropical, with a strong dry season during the southern hemisphere winter.
Flora
There are several common plant communities, or associations, which vary in structure and characteristic species. The forests of the region are adapted to the strong seasonal variation in rainfall, including wet-season flooding and dry-season fires. Many trees are deciduous, losing their leaves during the winter dry season, Deciduousness is more common in the semi-arid south. The soto/curupaú association includes the trees soto, curupaú, momoqui, morado, roble, and cedro. This association is found on well-drained soils. Trees form a canopy averaging 20 meters in height with emergent trees up to 30 meters. The canopy is 80% closed, and there is an understory of shrubs and herbs. Emergent soto trees are some of the largest in the forest, reaching up to 35 meters in height and living up to 500 years. In the cuchi/curupaú association, either curupaú or cuchi predominates. It grows on well-drained but nutrient-poor soils, including rocky mountain slopes and sandy lowland soils. The canopy varies from 10 to 15 meters in height and is 65% closed, with emergent trees up to 25 meters high. The cuta/ajo-ajo association is predominantly cuta and ajo-ajo. This association is found on seasonally-flooded soils near streams. The tajibo/tusequi association is of Tajibo and tusequi. It forms patches of forest on low rises surrounded by open savanna. The ecoregion also has areas of grassy savanna similar to the Cerrado savannas further east.
During the period from 2004 to 2011 the ecoregion experienced an annual rate of habitat loss of 0.62%. In response to indigenous demands for control over their home territories, the Bolivian government issued a decree in 1990 designating indigenous territories in the lowlands, and acknowledging the rights of indigenous peoples to collectively govern those territories. A 1993 agrarian reform law acknowledged indigenous communities' collective land ownership and formalized Native Community Lands as the vehicle for ownership, and the 1995 constitutional reform further guaranteed the rights of indigenous peoples to Native Community Lands. Portions of the dry forests are within TCOs. A reform of Bolivia's forestry law the in 1996 required forest management plans and forest inventories, and established harvest limits, and guaranteed the rights of indigenous communities to manage timber harvesting on forest lands within TCOs, and to engage in customary forms of forest product harvesting without central government approval. From August to November 2019, fires burned 1.4 million hectares of the dry forests, an estimated 12% of the Chiquitano forest area before the fires. Earlier in 2019 the Bolivian government issued a decree supporting clearance of forest lands in the Chiquitano and Amazon regions for cattle and soya production. Civil society organizations concluded the fires were mostly deliberately set by people seeking to clear land, and linked the increase in fires to the change in government policy. Those organizations and indigenous leaders petitioned the government to repeal the pro-clearance policies, better protect the forests, and uphold indigenous land rights. A 2017 assessment found that 55,861 km², or 24%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas.. Protected areas include Noel Kempff Mercado National Park and Ríos Blanco y Negro Wildlife Reserve in Bolivia.
