Classical Armenian orthography


Classical Armenian orthography, traditional orthography or Mashtotsian orthography, is the orthography that was developed by Mesrop Mashtots in the 5th century for writing Armenian and reformed during the early 19th century. Today, it is used primarily by the Armenian diaspora, including all Western Armenian speakers and Eastern Armenian speakers in Iran, which has rejected the Armenian orthography reform of Soviet Armenia during the 1920s. In the Armenian diaspora, some linguists and politicians allege political motives behind the reform of the Armenian alphabet.
Classical Armenian orthography uses 38 letters: the original 36 letters of the Armenian alphabet invented by Mesrop Mashtots during the 5th century, and the 2 additional letters included later in the Armenian alphabet during the Middle Ages.
MajusculeԱԲԳԴԵԶԷԸԹԺԻԼԽԾԿՀՁՂՃՄՅՆՇՈՉՊՋՌՍՎՏՐՑՒՓՔ
Minusculeաբգդեզէըթժիլխծկհձղճմյնշոչպջռսվտրցւփք

It uses also 2 letters that were added to the Armenian alphabet in the 13th century:
MajusculeՕՖ
Minusculeօֆ

Vowels

Monophthongs

Armenian has eight monophthongs and ten symbols to represent them. They will be shown here with International Phonetic Alphabet:

— ,

— ,

  1. At the end of a word, is always written . For example: Մարգարէ, Վահէ, կը վազէ.
  2. At the beginning of a word, is written. For example: էջ, էակ.
  3. In the middle of a word before a vowel, is written. For example: գիտէիր, գործունէութիւն.
  4. When followed by two consonants within a root word, is written. For example: ներկ, ուղերձ, խենդ, փեղկ.
  5. When making a noun plural, or is added to the end of the noun. For example: տուփ → տուփեր, դրամ → դրամներ.
  6. When followed by,,,, or, is written . The following are exceptions: դէմ, վէմ and foreign proper nouns: Երուսաղէմ, Դանիէլ.

    —

is always written. For example: is written իր.

— , ,

—

is always written. For example: is written տուն.

— , epenthetical

The vowel is usually not written. For example: is written մտածում, and is written սքանչելի.
is written in the following cases:
  1. At the start of a word if the following sound is a or . For example: is written ընտրել, is written ընկեր, is written ըմբոստ and is written ըմբռնել.
  2. At the start of a word if the vowel stems from the or sound. For example: is written ըղձալ because it stems from the noun . Also, is written ըմպել because it stems from the noun .
  3. At the start or the middle of a monosyllabic word whose only vowel is. For example: is written ըստ, and is written մըն.
  4. In derivative and compound words if their second part starts with. For example: is written անընդունելի because it is a derivative word that is formed from the prefix and the root . Also, is written արագընթաց because it is a compound word that is formed from the root words արագ and ընթացք.
  5. Within a word after the letters, if they are not followed by a vowel they represent. For example: պահուըտիլ and վաղուընէ.
  6. In line-breaking. For example: վնաս becomes վը–նաս, and զգալ becomes ըզ–գալ.
  7. At the end of words, to specify the article "the". For example: լոյսը is formed by adding to the end of լոյս. Also, արձանները does the same.

    —

is always written. For example: is written գիւղ.

—

is a rare sound to write foreign words and is always written. For example: the female name is written Էօժենի, a transcription of letters.

Diphthongs

Armenian has nine diphthongs:,,,,,,,,.

— , , ; occurs in ,

is written differently depending on its context.
  1. at the start of a word is written. For example: is written Եանիքեան.
  2. Preceded by a consonant, it is written. For example: is written սենեակ. However, at the end of a word, is written. For example: is written առօրեայ.
  3. When is preceded by a vowel other than or, it is written. For example: is written կայան.
  4. Besides that, presents in the endings of Classical Armenian surnames -յան, for example in Արէկյան.
  5. A disyllabic sequence of a monophthong and a diphthong is written . For example: is written միասին.
  6. A disyllabic sequence of a monophthong and a diphthong is written . For example: is written էակ.

    — , ,

is written differently depending on its context.
  1. At the start of a word, it is written. For example: is written երազ. between two consonants represents .
  2. In the middle of a word, is written. For example: is written հայելի. at the start of a word represents .
  3. At the end of a word, is written . For example: is written նայէ՛.

    — ; occurs in

is never at the start of a word and is written differently depending on its context:
  1. A disyllabic sequence of a monophthong and a diphthong is written. For example: is written էի, and is written կ'ուզէին.
  2. Otherwise, is written. For example: is written Մայիս. at the start of a word represents .

    —

is always written. For example: is written եօթը.

— , ; occurs in ,

is written differently depending on its context:
  1. At the start of a word, is written. For example: is written իւղ.
  2. After a vowel other than or, it is written. For example: is written կայուն. at the start of a word represents .
  3. The disyllabic sequence of the monophthong and the diphthong is written. For example: is written \\\

    —

can occur at the end of a word only for monosyllabic words. It is written. For example: is written այգի, is written մայր and is written բայ. A polysyllabic word ending in is pronounced, the becoming silent.

—

is written. For example: is written թէյ.

—

is written. For example: is written իյնալ.

—

usually occurs in the middle of a word, and is written. For example: is written քոյր.

Consonants

The International Phonetic Alphabet shows the consonants, by the corresponding Armenian letter in parentheses. Both Classical And Eastern Armenian maintain a three-way distinction between voiced, voiceless, and aspirated stops and affricates. In Western Armenian, voiced and aspirated stops and affricates have undergone a merger, and voiceless stops and affricates have become voiced.