Classification of swords


The English language terminology used in the classification of swords is imprecise and has varied widely over time. There is no historical dictionary for the universal names, classification or terminology of swords; A sword was simply a double edged knife.
Historical terms without a universal consensus of definition were used to label weapons of similar appearance but of different historical periods, regional cultures and fabrication technology. These terms were often described in relation to other unrelated weapons, without regard to their intended use and fighting style. In modern history, many of these terms have been given specific, often arbitrary meanings that are unrelated to any of their historical meanings.

Terminology

Some of these terms originate contemporaneously with the weapons which they describe. Others are modern or early modern terms used by antiquarians, curators, and modern-day sword enthusiasts for historical swords.
Terminology was further complicated by terms introduced or misinterpreted in the 19th century by antiquarians and in 20th century pop culture, and by the addition of new terms such as "great sword", "Zweihänder", and "cut-and-thrust sword". Historical European Martial Arts associations have turned the term spada da lato into "side-sword". Furthermore, there is a deprecation of the term "broadsword" by these associations. All these newly introduced or redefined terms add to the confusion of the matter.
The most well-known systematic typology of blade types of the European medieval sword is the Oakeshott typology, although this is also a modern classification and not a medieval one. Elizabethans used descriptive terms such as "short", "bastard", and "long" which emphasized the length of the blade, and "two-handed" for any sword that could be wielded by two hands.

Classification by hilt type

Handedness

The term two-handed sword, used as a general term, may refer to any large sword designed to be used primarily with two hands:
The term "hand-and-a-half sword" is modern.
During the first half of the 20th century, the term "bastard sword" was used regularly to refer to this type of sword, while "long sword" or "long-sword", if used at all, referred to the rapier.
The term "single-handed sword" is a retronym coined to disambiguate from "two-handed" or "hand-and-a-half" specimens.
"Single-handed sword" is used by Sir Walter Scott. It is also used as a possible gloss of the obscure term tonsword by Nares ; "one-handed sword" is somewhat later, recorded from c. 1850.
Apparently, some swords were designed for left-hand use, although left-handed swords have been described as "a rarity".

Great sword

Great swords or greatswords are related to the long swords of the Middle Ages. The great sword proper was developed during the Renaissance, but its earlier cousin, the Scottish Claymore, was very similar in size and use, like the "outsized specimens" between 160 cm and 180 cm such as the Oakeshott type XIIa or Oakeshott type XIIIa. These swords were too heavy to be wielded one-handed and possessed a large grip for leverage, the point would be to hold the grip with one hand at the top of the grip, and one hand at the bottom. The top hand would push, and the bottom hand would pull; this gave extra leverage thus the sword would be easier to swing, ignoring much of its weight.

Claymore

The Scottish name "claymore" can refer to either the longsword with a distinctive two-handed grip, or the basket-hilted sword developing from a rapier. The two handed claymore is an early Scottish version of a greatsword.

''Zweihänder''

The Zweihänder or Beidhänder is a true two-handed sword, in the sense that it cannot be wielded in only one hand. It was a specialist weapon wielded by certain Landsknechte, so-called Doppelsöldners.

''Svärdstav''

The swordstaff is a Scandinavian sword-polearm hybrid used in medieval times. It is made by placing a blade at the end of a staff, thus giving the same benefits of a sword with the reach of a spear or polearm. This helps the soldier fighting enemies both on foot and mounted.
The length of the weapon makes it easier to fight mounted opponents, whilst the blade is still sufficient to be effective in close-quarters combat. This compares favourably to a spear which is ineffective at close range because only the tip can be used to attack, or a sword which lacks the reach to reliably wound mounted combatants. The greater length of the weapon could also help when fighting more heavily armed opponents, enabling the wielder to execute attacks with considerably more force.

Classification by blade type

Double-edge and straight swords

These are double-edged, usually straight bladed swords, designed for optimized balance, reach and versatility.

Jian

is a double-edged straight sword used during the last 2,500 years in China. The first Chinese sources that mention the jian date to the 7th century BC during the Spring and Autumn period; one of the earliest specimens being the Sword of Goujian. Historical one-handed versions have blades varying from in length. The weight of an average sword of blade-length would be in a range of approximately 700 to 900 grams. There are also larger two-handed versions used by ancient and medieval armies and for training by many styles of Chinese martial arts. Two handed jians from the time of the Chu and Han Dynasty were up to ~58 inches long.

Longsword

These days, the term longsword most frequently refers to a late Medieval and Renaissance weapon designed for use with two hands.
The German langes Schwert in 15th-century manuals did not necessarily denote a type of weapon, but the technique of fencing with both hands at the hilt.
The French épée bâtarde and the English bastard sword originate in the 15th or 16th century, originally having the general sense of "irregular sword or sword of uncertain origin". Qui n'était ni Française, ni Espagnole, ni proprement Lansquenette, mais plus longue que ces fortes épées. Espée bastarde could also historically refer to a single-handed sword with a fairly long blade compared to other short swords.
Joseph Swetnam states that the bastard sword is midway in length between an arming sword and a long sword, and Randall Cotgrave's definition seems to imply this, as well. The French épée de passot was also known as épée bâtarde and also coustille à croix. The term referred to a medieval single-handed sword optimized for thrusting. The épée de passot was the sidearm of the franc-archers. The term passot comes from the fact that these swords passed the length of a "normal" short sword.
The "Masters of Defence" competition organised by Henry VIII in July 1540 listed two hande sworde, bastard sworde, and longe sworde as separate items.
Antiquarian usage in the 19th century established the use of "bastard sword" as referring unambiguously to these large swords. However, George Silver and Joseph Swetnam refer to them merely as two hande sworde. The term "hand-and-a-half sword" is modern.
During the first half of the 20th century, the term "bastard sword" was used regularly to refer to this type of sword.
The Elizabethan long sword is a single-handed "cut-and-thrust" sword with a blade similar to the long rapier. "Let thy Rapier or Sword be foure foote at the least, and thy dagger two foote." Historical terms for this type of sword included the Italian spada longa and French épée longue.
The term longsword has also been used to refer to different kinds of sword depending on historical context:
Spatha
The Spatha was a double-edged longsword used by the Romans. The idea for the Spatha came from the swords of ancient celts in Germany and Britain. It was longer than the gladius, and had more reach, so the Spatha was most popular with soldiers in the cavalry. The blade could range between 0.5 to 1 meter long while the handle was usually between 18 and 20cm.

Broadsword

The basket-hilted sword was a
The term broadsword was never used historically to describe the one-handed arming sword. The arming sword was wrongly labelled a broadsword by antiquarians as the medieval swords were similar in blade width to the military swords of the day and broader than the dueling swords and ceremonial dress swords.

Short sword

Knives such as the seax and other blades of similar length – between 1 and 2 feet – are sometimes construed as swords. This is especially the case for weapons from antiquity, made before the development of high quality steel that is necessary for longer swords, in particular:
Oversized two-handers used as parade swords or ceremonial weapons often exceeded the length and weight of practical weapons of war.

Edgeless and thrusting swords

The edgeless swords category comprises weapons which are related to or labelled as “swords” but do not emphasise "hacking or slashing techniques" or have any "cutting edges" whatsoever. The majority of these elongated weapons were designed for agility, precision and rapid thrusting blows to exploit gaps in the enemy's defences; some are capable of piercing iron or steel armour.

Basket-hilted sword

The basket-hilted sword is a sword type of the early modern era characterised by a basket-shaped guard that protects the hand. The basket hilt is a development of the quillons added to swords' crossguards since the Late Middle Ages.
In modern times, this variety of sword is also sometimes referred to as the broadsword.

Xiphos

The Spartiatēs were always armed with a xiphos as a secondary weapon. Among most Greek warriors, this weapon had an iron blade of about 60 centimetres. The Spartan version was typically only 30-45 centimetres. The Spartan's shorter weapon proved deadly in the crush caused by colliding phalanx formations – it was capable of being thrust through gaps in the enemy's shield wall and armour, where there was no room for longer weapons. The groin and throat were among the favourite targets. In one account, an Athenian asked a Spartan why his sword was so short and after a short pause he replied, "It's long enough to reach your heart."

Rapier

The term "rapier" appeared in the English lexicon via the French épée rapière which either compared the weapon to a rasp or file; it may be a corruption of "rasping sword" which referred to the sound the blade makes when it comes into contact with another blade. There is no historical Italian equivalent to the English word "rapier".

Panzerstecher and koncerz

The Panzerstecher is a German and East European weapon with a long, edgeless blade of square or triangular cross-section for penetrating armour. Early models were either two-handers or “hand-and-half” hilted, while later 16th and 17th century models were one-handed and used by cavalry.

Tuck and verdun

The "tuck" is an edgeless blade of square or triangular cross-section used for thrusting. In French, estoc also means thrust or point; and estoc et taille means cut and thrust.
The tuck may also get its name from the verb "to tuck" which means "to shorten".

Small-sword

The small sword or smallsword is a light one-handed sword designed for thrusting which evolved out of the longer and heavier rapier of the late Renaissance. The height of the small sword's popularity was between the mid-17th and late 18th century. It is thought to have appeared in France and spread quickly across the rest of Europe. The small sword was the immediate predecessor of the Épée de Combat from which the Épée developed and its method of use—as typified in the works of such authors as Sieur de Liancour, Domenico Angelo, Monsieur J. Olivier, and Monsieur L'Abbat—developed into the techniques of the French classical school of fencing. Small swords were also used as status symbols and fashion accessories; for most of the 18th century anyone, civilian or military, with pretensions to gentlemanly status would have worn a small sword on a daily basis.

Single-edge and curved swords

These are single-edged, usually thick or curved bladed swords, typically designed for slashing, chopping, severing limbs, tripping or broad sweeping techniques. Swordsmen were trained to use the dulled-side for defensive and blocking techniques.

Backsword

The backsword was a single-edged, straight-bladed sword, typically for military use. This type of sword had a thickened back to the blade, which gave the blade strength. The backsword blade was cheaper to manufacture than a two-edged blade. This type of sword was first developed in Europe in the 15th century and reflected the emergence of asymmetric guards, which made a two-edged blade somewhat redundant. The backsword reached its greatest use in the 17th and 18th century when many cavalry swords, such as the British 1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword, were of this form.

Dao

Dao are single-edged Chinese swords, primarily used for slashing and chopping. The most common form is also known as the, although those with wider blades are sometimes referred to as. In China, the dao is considered one of the four traditional weapons, along with the gun, qiang, and the jian. It is considered "The General of All Weapons".

Hook Sword

The hook sword, twin hooks, fu tao or shuang gou also known as hu tou gou is a Chinese weapon traditionally associated with northern styles of Chinese martial arts and Wushu weapons routines, but now often practiced by southern styles as well.

Kopis

Unlike the xiphos, which is a thrusting weapon, the kopis was a hacking weapon in the form of a thick, curved single edged iron sword. In Athenian art, Spartan hoplites were often depicted using a kopis instead of the xiphos, as the kopis was seen as a quintessential "villain" weapon in Greek eyes.

Katana

Historically katana were one of the traditionally made Japanese swords that were used by the samurai of feudal Japan. Modern versions of the katana are sometimes made using non-traditional materials and methods. The katana is characterized by its distinctive appearance: a curved, slender, single-edged blade usually with a round guard and long grip to accommodate two hands.

Hanger

The hanger, wood-knife or hunting sword is a long knife or short sword that hangs from the belt and was popular as both a hunting tool and weapon of war.

Falchion and cutlass

The falchion proper is a wide straight-bladed but curved edged hanger or long knife. The term falchion may also refer to the early cutlass.
The cutlass or curtal-axe also known as a falchion is a broad-bladed curved hanger or long knife. In later usage, the cutlass referred to the short naval boarding sabre.

Sabre

The sabre or shable is a single-edged curved bladed cavalry sword.

Scimitar

The scimitar is a type of saber that came to refer in general to any sabre used by the Turks or Ottomans, Persians and more specifically the Stradioti. The scimitar proper was the Stradioti saber, and the term was introduced into France by Philippe de Commines as cimeterre, Italy as scimitarra, and England as cimeter or scimitar via the French and Italian terms.