Clotilde Betances Jaeger


Clotilde Betances Jaeger was a feminist writer and journalist of New York's Puerto Rican intellectual community during the mid-twentieth century. She advocated for Hispanic women's rights. Once a teacher and a lifetime educational advocate, she pushed for minority children's education in New York and supported educational reforms in Puerto Rico. Betances Jaeger provided important challenges to US imperialism and white supremacist feminism coming from the US at the time. She is most famous for her written work in newspapers and journals in Puerto Rico and New York, though she was also featured in other Latin American and European publications. Betances Jaeger was also the grand-niece of Ramón Emeterio Betances, a famous independence leader of Puerto Rico.

Biography

Early life and education

Clotilde Betances was born in Sebastian del Pepino, Puerto Rico in 1890 to a Spanish mother and Puerto Rican father. Her early education—elementary and secondary school—took place in Mayaguez and Santurce. She moved to the United States in 1912 for undergraduate study in natural sciences at Cornell University. Betances took summer classes in Puerto Rico to study Spanish language and literature, graduating from Cornell in 1916. She spent the next seven years in Puerto Rico teaching in public schools in Naguabo, Quebradillas, Santurce, Rio Piedras. In 1923, Betances moved to New York to teach with Beth Jacob Teachers’ Seminary of America and stayed in the United States for the remainder of her life. In 1949, Betances earned a master's degree in religious study from Butler University in Indianapolis, where she wrote her graduate thesis, “Organizing a Program of Weekday Religious Education in the Bronx Community," about the lack of educational rights for Puerto Rican children living in the Bronx. She later studied at both the Sorbonne of Paris and the University of Salamanca in Spain. She married Frank Jaeger, a North American with German heritage.

Career

Betances Jaeger's writing career began in 1921 with her published essay, “Amor y Servicio”, for which she won an award, Ateneo Puertorriqueño. In 1924, Betances Jaeger addressed her writing to the middle- and upper-class Puerto Rican women readers of the San Juan newspaper Heraldo de Puerto Rico column, “Lectura para las damas: Deporte y literatura.” Writing for this column shaped Betances Jaeger's early career as a “reporter and mediator of the women’s beauty and fashion.” This part of her career marked Betances Jaeger's recognition that women's physical image played an important symbolic role in the wider understanding of women's progress in society. Within a few months, Betances Jaeger gained charge of the Information Department of the Heraldo de Puerto Rico. The goal of the department was to inform readers about the educational system in Puerto Rico and in the US. The department also created a discussion forum about education in general.
Over the years, Betances Jaeger was published in New York's Grafico , Revista de Artes y Letras , and Pueblos Hispanos , Nueva York Al Dia, and Ebenezer: Iglesia Discipulos de Cristo de Habla Espanola de Nueva York, as well as Puerto Rico's Puerto Rico Ilustrado, La Democracia, Alma Latina, and El Mundo. She was also published in Bolivia's Union: Revista Bolivariana. In addition to her contributions to other Latin American publications, Betances Jaeger's work was featured in the Spanish anarchist magazines Estudios: Revista Eclectica, Iniciales, and Al Margen''.
Betances Jaeger wrote about prominent Hispanic feminists of the era, including Uruguayan poet Juana de Ibarbourou, Puerto Rican physician Marta Robert de Romeo, Cuban writer Ofelia Rodriguez Acosta, Spanish writer Concha Espina, and Cuban feminist Mariablanca Sabas Aloma.

Key Ideas

Betances Jaeger's work over the years focused on topics of socialism, women's issues, music, and religion. She was opposed to US imperialism and US interests in Latin American nations as well as a proponent of Panhispanism. Betances Jaeger took stands against “the colonization and ‘civilization’ task of the US in Puerto Rico and Latin America." She advocated for Hispanic women’s participation both in the economy and the opposition to war. She focused on the needs of children and the rights of Hispanic women. Betances Jaeger's writing expressed her feminist beliefs. She took stands against physical abuse, infidelity, as well as man’s concept of women as property. Ultimately, Betances Jaeger called for the reconsideration of the patriarchal standards informing Puerto Rican intellectualism during the 1930s.

Religious beliefs

Betances Jaeger’s Christianity informed her social, political, and economic justice work in the lives of New York Puerto Ricans. She sought to reemphasize Spanish heritage and the Christian faith as cultural foundations for New York’s Puerto Rican community. Betances Jaeger’s Protestant faith influenced her work as an advocate for New York’s Puerto Rican community. In the introduction to her graduate thesis, she wrote: “wo things had to be done: Keep alive in the breast of Puerto Ricans the passion of their Spanish cultural inheritance... and plant in them the spirit of God.”
Betances Jaeger wrote in Ebenezer an article called “Educo a mi hijo”, a “biblical interpretation of David’s selfishness and paternal irresponsibility." In this article, Betances Jaeger advocates for the role of family in children's education. She emphasizes the role of God and religion in the strength of a family.

Challenges to US imperialism

Betances Jaeger was one of many Latin American feminists who saw the importance of a Panhispanic feminism “based on a shared sense of identity and struggle against US imperialism.” This pan-Hispanic feminist movement took place amidst a political climate where US feminists “presumed superiority and assumed leadership.” Betances Jaeger provided important challenges to the racist ideologies behind US feminism of the time. Notably in 1929, US feminist Carrie Chapman Catt condemned Latin American feminists of “what she perceived to be their lack of education and lack of helpful engagement in building peaceful relations among the Americas." Betances Jaeger responded, along with various others, that women throughout Latin America had “a central conception of peace." Betances Jaeger further challenged that this notion of peace “promoted freedom of all the Americas and critiqued US imperialism."

Challenges to traditional, conservative role of Hispanic women

In Grafico, Betances Jaeger wrote a four-part series about the "New Woman," where she pushed back against Maria Mas Pozo. Pozo perceived a role of Christianity, Catholicism, and US imperialist efforts in the oppression of Puerto Rico and the world. In response to Pozo, Betances Jaeger emphasized the importance of women's responsibility in fighting to improve the Puerto Rican economy in the fight to gain political independence. She stressed that economic issues are also women's issues. Betances Jaeger argued that meaningful political participation requires women to “forget about trifiling matters, social conventions, and rotten prejudices."

Recognition

Betances Jaeger was most recognized for her writing for Grafico and Artes y Letras. Contributions to Artes y Letras were what distinguished Betances Jaeger in New York's Hispanic intellectual circles. She made contributions to the publication “at least until the 1950s."
Betances Jaeger made huge strides in her career, particularly as a feminist scholar, by writing for Grafico in the US. Grafico had a readership of Spanish-speakers in New York, particularly Puerto Ricans, as well as Cubans and Dominicans. The publication called on its readers to resist “ethnic oppression” and claim citizenship rights as Americans. By 1929, the magazine included international and national news coverage affecting Spanish-speaking populations. Martha Patterson describes the publication as promoting a Pan-Hispanic worldview. The publication also included “full pages of photographs, a women’s column, fashion advice, popular culture updates, cartoons, and classified ads.”
Betances Jaeger's writings to Grafico made important contributions to feminist discourse. Grafico was owned & edited by “tobacco workers, writers, and theater actors”. Grafico has been known for its conservative and misogynistic representations of Hispanic women's role in society. Betances Jaeger's feminist contributions to Grafico changed this narrative through repurposing the previously-traditional women's column, “Charlas Femininas”, as an “open space for feminist dialogues and discussions." She wrote more than 50 articles for Grafico between 1929 and 1930, where she discussed “the new role of Hispanic women in the United States according to the discourse of American modernity and the New Woman."

Accolades

Beyond her fame in the Hispanic intellectual community of New York City, Betances Jaeger has been compared to “women of the feminist avante-garde” such as Federica de Montseny, Violeta Miqueli, and Angela Graupera. Betances Jaeger was a member of the Asociación de Escritores y Periodistas Puertorriqueños and was the Puerto Rican representative for the Union de Mujeres Americanas. Betances Jaeger belonged to Circulo Cultural Cervantes and made presentations at various meetings there. She gave public lectures at various Hispanic civic and cultural organizations in NYC, such as “La tragedia social del hombre” on March 24, 1933 for the Hispano America Lodge No. 233 literary festival. She gave a lecture for the Fraternidad Estudiantil Hispanoamericana about Julia de Burgos’ poetry on April 18, 1940. Betances Jaeger was publicly recognized for her “defense of Hispanic women” by Cuban feminist Mariblanca Sabas Aloma.

Written work

Notable works