Each of these disorders, while similar, have a variety of symptoms, diagnoses, and causes.
: Symptoms: Indifferent and routine manipulation, exploitation, and violation of the rights of others. It can also be characterized by routine law breaking. Cause: Signs of Antisocial Personality disorder often first become evident in childhood. Consequently, although the cause is unknown, it is believed that a more difficult childhood can lead to APD. Diagnosis: While symptoms can start to show themselves in the early teen years, a diagnosis cannot be made until adulthood. To be diagnosed, the patient must fit at least three of the most common indicators such as recklessness, irresponsibility, apathy, and irritability.
: Symptoms: Difficulty regulating emotions, impulsivity, self harm, dissociative feelings, and even psychotic episodes. Cause: 1. Genetics - Those with a family member who has BPD are considered more likely to develop the disorder. 2. Trauma - Trauma such as assault or neglect early in life may lead to BPD. Diagnosis: Unlike many psychological disorders, there is no strict guideline for the diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder.
: Symptoms: an overwhelming desire for attention, chronically unstable emotions, sensitivity, gullibility, and reckless behavior. Cause: It is believed that Histrionic Personality Disorder can either be inherited genetically or learned behavior in early childhood. Diagnosis: To diagnose the disorder, there is no strict guideline; however, a doctor may begin by evaluating the patient's medical history and physical well-being to ensure that the causes of the symptoms are mental rather than physical.
: Symptoms: a magnified sense of self importance, underlying deep self esteem issues, exaggeration, manipulation, envy, arrogance, impatience, depression. Like HPD, it can cause an excessive need for attention and approval. Causes: It can be caused by genetics, environment, or neurobiology. Diagnosis: NPD may often go misdiagnosed or undiagnosed, as patients often display symptoms similar to other disorders, or may not be willing to admit there is anything wrong. It may be treated with talk therapy.
Cluster B traits and common symptoms
Cluster B personality disorders are all characterized by emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and frequent interpersonal conflicts. These individuals present as "dramatic", "emotional", and "erratic". The predominant theme and shared trait among Cluster B personalities is a lack of emotional empathy and cognitive empathy. Dr. Simon Baron-Cohen posited that empathy is a spectrum, at one end of the distribution lies the "zero-negative empathy"; this is where antisocial, borderline, and narcissistic personality disorders are placed, which is why individuals with these personality disorders are capable of dehumanizing others, leading to acts of cruelty. Borderlines, sociopaths, and narcissists are considered "zero-negative empathy" because they are "unequivocally bad for the sufferers and all those around them". Dr. Baron-Cohen did not include histrionic personality disorder in the zero negative empathy category because they are capable of empathy. Individuals with histrionic personality disorder have a greater capacity for dependent relations than do those with narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorders, and they are more emotionally expressive and less dismissive of others. Another study, comparing lack of empathy in individuals with narcissistic personality disorder to those with borderline personality disorder and healthy controls. The study found that both borderlines and narcissists showed similar and significant impairment or a complete lack in both emotional and cognitive empathy, while healthy controls showed very little or no impairment in their ability to empathize. Preliminary results from a study on trait anger, physical aggression, and violent offending suggest that high anger and hostility are associated with physical aggression especially in borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder.
Causes and Risk Factors
Personality disorders are likely caused by a combination of genetics and environmental factors. In a study, information found a strong correlation between borderline personality disorder and history of sexual trauma. Research has found a significant link between cluster B personality disorders and family history as well. Having a parent or sibling with a personality disorder increases your risk for developing the disorder.
Treatment and Medications
Treatment is centered around the use of psychotherapy. There are no medications approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of personality disorders. However, medications are sometimes prescribed to target symptom domains or treat co-occurring mental health problems.
