Coherent sheaf cohomology


In mathematics, especially in algebraic geometry and the theory of complex manifolds, coherent sheaf cohomology is a technique for producing functions with specified properties. Many geometric questions can be formulated as questions about the existence of sections of line bundles or of more general coherent sheaves; such sections can be viewed as generalized functions. Cohomology provides computable tools for producing sections, or explaining why they do not exist. It also provides invariants to distinguish one algebraic variety from another.
Much of algebraic geometry and complex analytic geometry is formulated in terms of coherent sheaves and their cohomology.

Coherent sheaves

Coherent sheaves can be seen as a generalization of vector bundles. There is a notion of a coherent analytic sheaf on a complex analytic space, and an analogous notion of a coherent algebraic sheaf on a scheme. In both cases, the given space comes with a sheaf of rings, the sheaf of holomorphic functions or regular functions, and coherent sheaves are defined as a full subcategory of the category of -modules.
Vector bundles such as the tangent bundle play a fundamental role in geometry. More generally, for a closed subvariety of with inclusion, a vector bundle on determines a coherent sheaf on, the direct image sheaf, which is zero outside. In this way, many questions about subvarieties of can be expressed in terms of coherent sheaves on.
Unlike vector bundles, coherent sheaves form an abelian category, and so they are closed under operations such as taking kernels, images, and cokernels. On a scheme, the quasi-coherent sheaves are a generalization of coherent sheaves, including the locally free sheaves of infinite rank.

Sheaf cohomology

For a sheaf of abelian groups on a topological space, the sheaf cohomology groups for integers are defined as the right derived functors of the functor of global sections,. As a result, is zero for, and can be identified with. For any short exact sequence of sheaves, there is a long exact sequence of cohomology groups:
If is a sheaf of -modules on a scheme, then the cohomology groups are modules over the ring of regular functions. For example, if is a scheme over a field, then the cohomology groups are -vector spaces. The theory becomes powerful when is a coherent or quasi-coherent sheaf, because of the following sequence of results.

Vanishing theorems in the affine case

Complex analysis was revolutionized by Cartan's theorems A and B in 1953. These results say that if is a coherent analytic sheaf on a Stein space, then is spanned by its global sections, and for all. These results generalize a large body of older work about the construction of complex analytic functions with given singularities or other properties.
In 1955, Serre introduced coherent sheaves into algebraic geometry. The analogs of Cartan's theorems hold in great generality: if is a quasi-coherent sheaf on an affine scheme, then is spanned by its global sections, and for. This is related to the fact that the category of quasi-coherent sheaves on an affine scheme is equivalent to the category of -modules, with the equivalence taking a sheaf to the -module. In fact, affine schemes are characterized among all quasi-compact schemes by the vanishing of higher cohomology for quasi-coherent sheaves.

Čech cohomology and the cohomology of projective space

As a consequence of the vanishing of cohomology for affine schemes: for a separated scheme, an affine open covering of, and a quasi-coherent sheaf on, the cohomology groups are isomorphic to the Čech cohomology groups with respect to the open covering. In other words, knowing the sections of on all finite intersections of the affine open subschemes determines the cohomology of with coefficients in.
Using Čech cohomology, one can compute the cohomology of projective space with coefficients in any line bundle. Namely, for a field, a positive integer, and any integer, the cohomology of projective space over with coefficients in the line bundle is given by:
In particular, this calculation shows that the cohomology of projective space over with coefficients in any line bundle has finite dimension as a -vector space.
The vanishing of these cohomology groups above dimension is a very special case of Grothendieck's vanishing theorem: for any sheaf of abelian groups on a Noetherian topological space of dimension, for all. This is especially useful for a Noetherian scheme and a quasi-coherent sheaf.

Sheaf cohomology of plane-curves

Given a smooth projective plane curve of degree, the sheaf cohomology can be readily computed using a long exact sequence in cohomology. First note that for the embedding there is the isomorphism of cohomology groups
since is exact. This means that the short exact sequence of coherent sheaves
on, called the ideal sequence, can be used to compute cohomology via the long exact sequence in cohomology. The sequence reads as
which can be simplified using the previous computations on projective space. For simplicity, assume the base ring is . Then there are the isomorphisms
which shows that of the curve is a finite dimensional vector space of rank

Kunneth Theorem

There is an analogue of the Kunneth formula in coherent sheaf cohomology for products of varieties. Given quasi-compact schemes with affine-diagonals over a field,, and let and, then there is an isomorphism
where are the canonical projections of to.

Computing sheaf cohomology of curves

In, a generic section of defines a curve, giving the ideal sequence
Then, the long exact sequence reads as
giving
Since is the genus of the curve, we can use the Kunneth formula to compute its Betti numbers. This is
which is of rank
for. In particular, if is defined by the vanishing locus of a generic section of, it is of genus
hence a curve of any genus can be found inside of.

Finite-dimensionality

For a proper scheme over a field and any coherent sheaf on, the cohomology groups have finite dimension as -vector spaces. In the special case where is projective over, this is proved by reducing to the case of line bundles on projective space, discussed above. In the general case of a proper scheme over a field, Grothendieck proved the finiteness of cohomology by reducing to the projective case, using Chow's lemma.
The finite-dimensionality of cohomology also holds in the analogous situation of coherent analytic sheaves on any compact complex space, by a very different argument. Cartan and Serre proved finite-dimensionality in this analytic situation using a theorem of Schwartz on compact operators in Fréchet spaces. Relative versions of this result for a proper morphism were proved by Grothendieck and by Grauert. Namely, for a proper morphism and a coherent sheaf on, the higher direct image sheaves are coherent. When is a point, this theorem gives the finite-dimensionality of cohomology.
The finite-dimensionality of cohomology leads to many numerical invariants for projective varieties. For example, if is a smooth projective curve over an algebraically closed field, the genus of is defined to be the dimension of the -vector space. When is the field of complex numbers, this agrees with the genus of the space of complex points in its classical topology. Among many possible higher-dimensional generalizations, the geometric genus of a smooth projective variety of dimension is the dimension of, and the arithmetic genus is the alternating sum

Serre duality

Serre duality is an analog of Poincaré duality for coherent sheaf cohomology. In this analogy, the canonical bundle plays the role of the orientation sheaf. Namely, for a smooth proper scheme of dimension over a field, there is a natural trace map, which is an isomorphism if is geometrically connected, meaning that the base change of to an algebraic closure of is connected. Serre duality for a vector bundle on says that the product
is a perfect pairing for every integer. In particular, the -vector spaces and have the same dimension. Grothendieck duality theory includes generalizations to any coherent sheaf and any proper morphism of schemes, although the statements become less elementary.
For example, for a smooth projective curve over an algebraically closed field, Serre duality implies that the dimension of the space of 1-forms on is equal to the genus of .

GAGA theorems

GAGA theorems relate algebraic varieties over the complex numbers to the corresponding analytic spaces. For a scheme X of finite type over C, there is a functor from coherent algebraic sheaves on X to coherent analytic sheaves on the associated analytic space Xan. The key GAGA theorem is that if X is proper over C, then this functor is an equivalence of categories. Moreover, for every coherent algebraic sheaf E on a proper scheme X over C, the natural map
of complex vector spaces is an isomorphism for all i. For example, the equivalence between algebraic and analytic coherent sheaves on projective space implies Chow's theorem that every closed analytic subspace of CPn is algebraic.

Vanishing theorems

Serre's vanishing theorem says that for any ample line bundle on a proper scheme over a Noetherian ring, and any coherent sheaf on, there is an integer such that for all, the sheaf is spanned by its global sections and has no cohomology in positive degrees.
Although Serre's vanishing theorem is useful, the inexplicitness of the number can be a problem. The Kodaira vanishing theorem is an important explicit result. Namely, if is a smooth projective variety over a field of characteristic zero, is an ample line bundle on, and a canonical bundle, then
for all. Note that Serre's theorem guarantees the same vanishing for large powers of. Kodaira vanishing and its generalizations are fundamental to the classification of algebraic varieties and the minimal model program. Kodaira vanishing fails over fields of positive characteristic.

Hodge theory

The Hodge theorem relates coherent sheaf cohomology to singular cohomology. Namely, if is a smooth complex projective variety, then there is a canonical direct-sum decomposition of complex vector spaces:
for every. The group on the left means the singular cohomology of in its classical topology, whereas the groups on the right are cohomology groups of coherent sheaves, which can be taken either in the Zariski or in the classical topology. The same conclusion holds for any smooth proper scheme over, or for any compact Kähler manifold.
For example, the Hodge theorem implies that the definition of the genus of a smooth projective curve as the dimension of, which makes sense over any field, agrees with the topological definition when is the complex numbers. Hodge theory has inspired a large body of work on the topological properties of complex algebraic varieties.

Riemann–Roch theorems

For a proper scheme X over a field k, the Euler characteristic of a coherent sheaf E on X is the integer
The Euler characteristic of a coherent sheaf E can be computed from the Chern classes of E, according to the Riemann–Roch theorem and its generalizations, the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem and the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem. For example, if L is a line bundle on a smooth proper geometrically connected curve X over a field k, then
where deg denotes the degree of L.
When combined with a vanishing theorem, the Riemann–Roch theorem can often be used to determine the dimension of the vector space of sections of a line bundle. Knowing that a line bundle on X has enough sections, in turn, can be used to define a map from X to projective space, perhaps a closed immersion. This approach is essential for classifying algebraic varieties.
The Riemann–Roch theorem also holds for holomorphic vector bundles on a compact complex manifold, by the Atiyah–Singer index theorem.

Growth

Dimensions of cohomology groups on a scheme of dimension n can grow up at most like a polynomial of degree n.
Let X be a projective scheme of dimension n and D a divisor on X. If is any coherent sheaf on X then
for every i.
For a higher cohomology of nef divisor D on X;

Applications

Given a scheme X over a field k, deformation theory studies the deformations of X to infinitesimal neighborhoods. In the simplest case, this concerns deformations to the ring of dual numbers, examines whether there is a scheme XR over R such that the special fiber
is isomorphic to the given X. Coherent sheaf cohomology, more specifically the cohomology of the tangent sheaf controls the deformations of X, provided X is smooth: