The CMA, enacted in July 1986, originated from the Rand Monetary Area, which was formally established in December 1974; the signatories of the latter were South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland. In that year Swaziland and Lesotho established their own national currencies, now called the lilageni and the loti, respectively. In 1980 Lesotho established its own central bank and began issuing its national currency at a one to one rate to the rand. While the formal arrangements date back to 1974, they ultimately stem informal arrangements spanning back to prior to the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910 and when the South African Reserve Bank was formed in 1921, the South African pound became the sole circulating legal tender in the territories that today form the CMA alongside Bechuanaland. This arrangement continued when the South African pound was replaced by the South African rand in 1961. The lack of monetary policy discretion, a formal framework for consultation and sharing of seigniorage by South Africa for the smaller territories led to protracted negotiations which ultimately resulted in the formal 1974 agreement, however Botswana decided against joining the formalized arrangements and pursued an independent currency with its own central bank. In 1989 the CMA changed its exchange restrictions because of some limitations in the conversion of balances consequence of the termination of the agreement of one party. The CMA was replaced by the present Multilateral Monetary Area in February 1992, when Namibia formally joined the monetary union. In 1993 Namibia issued its own currency, the Namibian dollar. In 2002 a new revenue-sharing formula was introduced, which included a development component. In 2003 Swaziland reauthorized the use of the rand as legal tender in the interest of facilitating exchange between these countries.
Institutional Framework
The currency agreement made between these countries is one of the most important issues in the agreement. As issued before, each country has the right to have their own national currencies. These currencies are only legal tender in their own countries. However, the South African Rand is tender throughout the CMA. According to the agreement the CMA countries can have access to the South African Financial Markets, but only under some conditions. They can only have access to the money and capital markets through prescribed investments or approved securities that can be held by Financial Institutions in South Africa accordance with prudential regulations between the LNS countries. The Compensation Payments is based on the formula equal to product and the volume rand of estimated to be in circulation in the member country concerned. The ratio is of 2/3 of the annual yield according to the most recent South African government stock. This ratio was stablished on the assumption of a portfolio of reserve assets comprising both long-term and short-term maturities, assuming that it would be less than long-term. Gold and Foreign Exchange Transactions are two issues in the trade. The matter is that they can authorize foreign transactions of local origin. These transactions will have the same regulations as the ones effect from transactions between the CMA and South Africa. Gold and Exchange receipts from locals are requirements for the local surrender. Also, there are no restrictions on international transactions between non-residents.
